Pub Talk and the King s English(酒吧闲谈与标准英语)
Henry Fairlie (亨利·费尔利)
1. Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities. And it is an activity only of humans. However intricate the way in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation. 人类的一切活动中，闲谈是最具交际性的，也是人类特有的。而动物之间的信息交流，无论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交际的。
2. The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. The enemy of good conversation is the person who has “something to say.” Conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. Suddenly they see the moment for one of their best anecdotes, but in a flash the conversation has moved on and the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go. 闲谈的引人入胜之处就在于它没有一个事先设定好的主题。它时而迂回前进，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。感觉“有话想说”的人是一个“完美闲谈”的最大敌人。闲谈不是为了争论，尽管争论常常是闲聊的一部分，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲谈之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上，真正的闲聊高手往往是随时准备让步的。他们也许会偶然间觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之丧失，它们也就听之任之了。
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3. Perhaps it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other s lives. They are companions, not intimates. The fact that their marriages may be on the rock, or that their love affairs have broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern. They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other, did not delve into each other s lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings. 或许是从小混迹于英国小酒吧的缘故吧，我觉得酒馆里的闲聊是别有韵味的。酒馆里的朋友们对彼此的生活毫不了解，他们只是临时的伙伴，相互之间并无深交。这些人之中，也许有人的婚姻面临破裂，有人恋爱受挫，有人碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但这些都无关紧要。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然朝夕相处，却从来不过问彼此的私事，也不去打探别人内心的秘密。
4. It was on such an occasion the other evening, as the conversation moved desultorily here and there, from the most commonplace to thoughts of Jupiter, without any focus and with no need for one, that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place, and all at once there was a focus. I do not remember what made one of our companions say it – she clearly had not come into the bar to say it, it was not something that was pressing on her mind – but her remark fell quite naturally into the talk. 有一天晚上的情形正是如此。当时人们正在漫无边际地东拉西扯，从最普通的家常琐事聊得有关木星的科学趣闻。完全没有一个特定的主题。可突然间中心话题奇迹般地出现了，大伙的话题都集中到了一处。我不记得其中一个伙伴的那句话是什么情况下说出来的 – 不过，显然她并没有特意地准备什么，那也算不上是什么非说不可的要紧话 – 那只不过是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。 “Someone told me the other day that the phrase, the King s English, was a term of criticism, that it
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means language which one should not properly use” “就在前几天，有人告诉我说‘标准英语’这个词是带贬义色彩的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。” The glow of the conversation burst into flames. There were affirmations and protests and denials, and of course the promise, made in all such conversation, that we would look it up on the morning. That would settle it; but conversation does not need to be settled; it could still go ignorantly on. 此语一出，谈话氛围立即热烈起来。有人表示赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。最后，当然少不了像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，大家约好次日一早去查证一下。问题就这样解决了。不过，闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大家仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。 It was an Australian who had given her such a definition of “the king s English,” which produced some rather tart remarks about what one could expect from the descendants of convicts. We had traveled in five minutes to Australia. Of course, there would be resistance to the King s English in such a society. There is always resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for “English as it should be spoken.” 告诉她“标准英语”应做这种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。知道这个后，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的后代这样说倒也不足为奇。就这样，不到5分钟，大家便扯到了澳大利亚。在那个地方，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。因为下层人民总是会抵制上流社会给“规范英语”制定的条条框框。 Look at the language barrier between the Saxon churls and their Norman conquerors. The conversation had swung from Australian convicts of the 19th century to the English peasants of the 12th century. Who was right, who was wrong, did not matter. The conversation was on wings. 想想撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是闲聊的主题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转移到了12世纪的应该农民身上。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天地进行着。 Someone took one of the best – known of examples, which is still always worth the reconsidering. When we
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talk of meat on our tables we use French words; when we speak of the animals from which the meat comes we use Anglo – Saxon words. It is a pig in its sty; it is pork (porc) on the table. They are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf). Chickens become poultry (poulet), and a calf becomes veal (veau ). Even if our menus were not written in French out of snobbery, the English we used in them would still be Norman English. What all this tells us is of a deep class rift in the culture of English after the Norman Conquest. 有人举了一个众所周知但仍值得深思的例子。在谈到饭桌上的肉食时我们用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜是则用盎格鲁-撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork（来自法语pore）；地里放养的牛叫cattle，而桌上吃的牛肉则叫beef（来自法语boeuf）；小鸡叫chicken，用作肉食则变成poultry（来自法语poulet）；calf（小牛）加工成肉则变成veal（来自法语vcau）。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了被诺曼人征服之后的英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。
10. The Saxon peasants who tilled the land and reared the animals could not afford the meat, which went to Norman tables. The peasants were allowed to eat the rabbits that scampered over their field and, since that meat was cheap, the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it. So rabbit is still rabbit on our tables, and not changed into some rendering of lapin. 撒克逊农民种地养殖牲畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不上，全部送到了诺曼人的餐桌上。农民们只能吃在地里乱窜的兔子。因为兔子的肉便宜，诺曼贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此，活兔子和兔子肉共用rabbit这个词表示，而没有换成由法语lapin转化而来的某个词。
11. As we listen today to the arguments about bilingual education, we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. The new ruling class
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had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. There must have been a great deal of cultural humiliation felt by the English when they revolted under Saxon leaders like Hereward the Wake. “The king s English”-if the term had existed then-had become French. And here in America now, 900 years later, we are still the heirs to it. 如今，当我们听着有关双语教育问题的争论时，我们应该设身处地替当时的撒克逊农民想一想，新的统治阶级用法语来对抗撒克逊农民自己的语言，从而在农民周围筑起一道文化壁垒。当英国人在像觉醒者赫里沃德这样的撒克逊领袖领导下起来造反时，他们一定深深地感受到了文化上的屈辱。“标准英语”-如果那时候有这个名词的话-已经变成法语了。而九百年后我们在美国这个地方仍然继承了这种影响。
12. So the next morning, the conversation over, one looked it up. The phrase came into use some time in the 16th century. “Queen s English” is found in Nashe s “Strange News of the Intercepting of Certain Letters” in 1593, and in 1602, Dekker wrote of someone, “thou clipst the King s English.” Is the phrase in Shakespeare? That would be the confirmation that it was in general use. He uses it once, when Mistress Quickly in “The Merry Wives of Windsor” says of her master coming home in a rage, “…here will be an old abusing of God s patience and the King s English,” and it rings true. 那晚闲聊过后的第二天一大早便有人去查阅了资料。这个名词在16世纪已有人使用过了。纳什作于1593年的《截获信函奇闻》中就有过“标准英语”（Queen s English）的提法。1602年德克写到某人时有句话说：“你把‘标准英语’（King s English）简化了”。莎士比亚作品中是否也出现过这一提法呢？如出现过，那就证明这个词在当时既已通用。他用过一次，在《温莎的风流娘们》中，女仆Quickly在讲到她家老爷回来后将会有的盛怒情形时说，“ 少不了一通臭骂，骂得昏天暗地，“标准英语”不知要给他糟蹋成个什么样子啦。”后来的事实果然被她说中了。
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13. One could have expected that it would be about then that the phrase would be coined. After five centuries of growth, of tussling with the French of the Normans and the Angevins and the Plantagenets and at last absorbing it, the conquered in the end conquering the conqueror, English had come royally into its own. 我们有理由认为这个词就是那个时候产生的。经过前后五百年的发展和与诺曼人、安茹王朝及金雀花王朝的法语的竞争，英语最终同化了法语。被统治者成了统治着，英语取得了国语的地位。
14. There was a King s (or Queen s)English to be proud of. The Elizabethans
blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth. “The King s English” was no longer a form of what would now be regarded as racial discrimination. 这样便有了一种英国人值得引以为傲的“标准英语”。伊丽莎白时代的人没费吹灰之力便使其影响日盛，遍及全球。“标准英语”再也不带有今天所谓的种族歧视的性质了。
15. Yet there had been something in the remark of the Australian. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. One feels that even Mistress Quickly-a servant-is saying that Dr.Caius-her master-will lose his control and speak with the vigor of ordinary folk. If the King s English is “English as it should be spoken,” the claim is often mocked by the underlings, when they say with a jeer “English as it should be spoke.” The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there. 不过，那个澳大利亚人的解释也有一定道理。下层阶级在使用这一名词时总带着一点轻蔑、讥讽的味道。我们会发现，就连Quickly这样一个婢女也会说她的主子凯厄斯大夫管不住自己的舌头，而讲起平民百姓
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们所讲的那种粗话。如果说“标准英语”就是所谓“规范英语”，这种看法常常会受到下层人民的嘲笑讥讽，他们有时故意开玩笑地把它称做“规反英语”。下层人民对于文华上的专制还是颇有抵制心理的。
16. There is always s great danger, as Carlyle put it, that “words will harden into things for us.” Words are not themselves a reality, but only representations of it, and the King s English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class
representation of reality. Perhaps it is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be laid down as an edict, and made immune to change from below. 正如卡莱尔所说，“对我们来说，词语会变成具体的事物”是一种始终存在的危险。词语本身并不是现实，它不过是现实的一种反应形式而已。标准英语和诺曼人的盎格鲁法语的性质一样，也只是一个阶段用来表达现实的一种形式。让人们学着去讲也许不错，但既不应该把它作为法令，也不应该使它完全不接受来自下层的改变。
17. I have an unending love affair with dictionaries-Auden once said that all a writer needs is a pen, plenty of paper and “the best dictionaries he can
afford”-but I agree with the person who said that dictionaries are instruments of common sense. The King s English is a model-a rich and instructive one-but it ought not to be an ultimatum. 我一向对词典有着始终不渝的酷爱-奥登曾经说过，一支笔、够用的纸张“他所能弄到的最好的词典”就是一个作家的全部所需-但其实上我更赞同另一种说法，即把词典看成是一种常识工具。标准英语是一种范本-一种丰富而又指导作用的范本-但并不是一种绝对的权威。
18. So we may return to my beginning. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King s English slips and slides in conversation. There is no worse
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conversation than the one who punctuates his words as he speaks as if he were writing, or even who tries to use words as if he were composing a piece of prose for print. When E. M. Forster writes of “the sinister corridor of our age,” we sit up at the vividness of the phrase, the force and even terror in the image. But if E. M. Forster sat in our living room and said, “We are all following each other down the sinister corridor of our age,” we would be justified in asking him to leave. 由此我们可以回到我先前的话题上。即便是那些学问再高、文学修养再好的人，他们所讲的标准英语在闲聊中也常常会离谱走调。要是有谁闲聊时也像做文章一样句逗分明，或像写一篇要发表的散文般咬文嚼字的话，那他说的话就一定极为倒人胃口。看到E.M.福斯特笔下写出“如今这个时代阴森恐怖的长廊”时，我们可以深刻体会到语言的生动、比喻的张力。但假若福斯特坐在我们的会客室里说“我们大家正一个接一个地步入这个时代阴森恐怖的长廊”时，我们肯定会让他离开。
19. Great authors are constantly being asked by foolish people to talk as they write. Other people may celebrate the lofty conversations in which the great minds are supposed to have indulged in the great salons of 18th century Paris, but one suspects that the great minds were gossiping and judging the quality of the food and the wine. Henault, then the great president of the First Chamber of the Paris Parlement, complained bitterly of the “terrible sauces” at the salons of Mme. Deffand, and went on to observe that the only difference between her cook and the supreme chef, Brinvilliers, lay in their intentions. 常常会有一些愚人要求大文豪们在交谈时也像写文章一样字字珠玑，也有人对18世纪巴黎的文艺沙龙里那些文人雅士的高谈阔论极表称羡。可是，说不定那些文人雅士们在那里也只不过是闲谈，谈论酒食的好坏哩。当时的巴黎大法院第一厅厅长亨奥尔特在德芳侯爵夫人家的沙龙作客时就曾大叫到“调料糟糕透了”，接着还大发议论说侯爵夫人家的厨子和总厨师长布兰维利耶之间的唯
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一差别不过就是用心不一而已。
20. The one place not to have dictionaries is in a sitting room or at a dining table. Look the thing up the next morning, but not in the middle of the conversation. Otherwise one will bind the conversation; one will not let it flow freely here and there. There would have been no conversation the other evening if we had been able to settle at once the meaning of “the King s English.” We would never have gong to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman Conquest. 会客室和餐桌上是无须摆放词典的。闲聊过程中遇到弄不明白而需要查实的问题可留待第二天在说，不要话说到一半却一边查起字典来了。否则，谈话变会受到妨碍，不能如流水般无拘无束地进行了。那晚，如果我们当场弄清了“标准英语”的意义，也就不可能再有那场交谈辩论，我们也就不可能一会儿跳到澳大利亚去，一会儿又扯回到诺曼征服时代了。
21. And there would have been nothing to think about the next morning.Perhaps above all, one would not have been engaged by interest in the musketeer who raised the subject, wondering more about her. The bother about teaching chimpanzees how to talk is that they will probably try to talk sense and so ruin all conversation.
（from The Washington Post, May 6, 1979）
而且，我们也就没有什么可以留到第二天去思考了。尤为重要的是，如果那个问题能做当场解决的话，人们就不会对于那位引出话题的“ 火枪手”发生兴趣了，也不会想多了解她的情况了。教黑猩猩说话之所以很困难，原因就在于它们往往可能尽是想着要讲出正
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经八百的话来，因而会使对话失去意趣。
摘自1979年5月6日《华盛顿邮报》
Marrakech马拉喀什见闻
George Orwell乔治，奥威尔
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1 As the corpse went past the flies left the restaurant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but they came back a few minutes later.
一具尸体抬过，成群的苍蝇从饭馆的餐桌上嗡嗡而起追逐过去，但几分钟过后又飞了回来。
2 The little crowd of mourners -- all men and boys, no women--threaded their way across the market place between the piles of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels, walling a short chant over and over again. What really appeals to the flies is that the corpses here are never put into coffins, they are merely wrapped in a piece of rag and carried on a rough wooden bier on the shoulders of four friends. When the friends get to the burying-ground they hack an oblong hole a foot or two deep, dump the body in it and fling over it a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like broken brick. No gravestone, no name, no identifying mark of any kind. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a
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derelict building-lot. After a month or two no one can even be certain where his own relatives are buried.
一支人数不多的送葬队伍——其中老少尽皆男性，没有一个女的——沿着集贸市场，从一堆堆石榴摊子以及出租汽车和骆驼中间挤道而行，一边走着一边悲痛地重复着一支短促的哀歌。苍蝇之所以群起追逐是因为在这个地方死人的尸首从不装进棺木，只是用一块破布裹着放在一个草草做成的木头架子上，有四个朋友抬着送葬。朋友们到了安葬场后，便在地上挖出一个一二英尺深的长方形坑，将尸首往坑里一倒。再扔一些像碎砖头一样的干土块。不立墓碑，不留姓名，什么识别标志都没有。坟场只不过是一片土丘林立的荒野，恰似一片已废弃不用的建筑场地。一两个月过后，就谁也说不准自己的亲人葬于何处了。
3 When you walk through a town like this -- two hundred thousand inhabitants of whom at least twenty thousand own literally nothing except the rags they stand up in-- when you see how the people live, and still more how easily they die, it is always difficult to believe that you are walking among human beings. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact. The people have brown faces--besides, there are so many of them! Are they really the same flesh as your self? Do they even have names? Or are they merely a kind of undifferentiated brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects? They rise out of the earth，they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard and nobody notices that they are gone. And even the graves themselves soon fade back into the soil. Sometimes, out for a walk as you break your way through the prickly pear, you notice that it is rather bumpy underfoot, and only a certain regularity in the bumps tells you that you are walking over skeletons.
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当你穿行在这样的城镇——其居民20万中至少有2万是除开一身聊以蔽体的破衣烂衫之外完全一无所有——当你看到那些人是如何生活，又如何轻易地死去时，你永远难以相信自己是行走在人类之中。实际上，这是所有的殖民帝国赖以建立的基础。这里的人都有一张褐色的脸，而且，人数如此之多！他们真的和你一样同属人类吗？难道他们也会有名有姓吗？也许他们只是像彼此之间难以区分的蜜蜂或珊瑚虫一样的东西。他们从泥土里长出来，受苦受累，忍饥挨饿过上几年，然后又被埋在那一个个无名的小坟丘里。谁也不会注意到他们的离去。就是那些小坟丘本身也过不了很久便会变成平地。有时当你外出散步，穿过仙人掌丛时，你会感觉到地上有些绊脚的东西，只有这些有规则的突起的土包才会告诉你，你正踩在死人骷髅上。
4 I was feeding one of the gazelles in the public gardens.
我正在公园里给其中一只瞪羚喂食。
5 Gazelles are almost the only animals that look good to eat when they are still alive, in fact, one can hardly look at their hindquarters without thinking of a mint sauce. The gazelle I was feeding seemed to know that this thought was in my mind, for though it took the piece of bread I was holding out it obviously did not like me. It nibbled nibbled rapidly at the bread, then lowered its head and tried to butt me, then took another nibble and then butted again. Probably its idea was that if it could drive me away the bread would somehow remain hanging in mid-air.
动物中也恐怕只有瞪羚还活着时就让人觉得是美味佳肴。事实上，人们只要看到它们那两条后腿就会联想到薄荷酱。我现在喂着的这只瞪羚好象已经看透了我的心思。它虽然叼走了我拿在手上的一块面包，但显然不喜欢我这个人。它一面啃食着面包，一面头一低
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向我顶过来，再啃一下面包又顶过来一次。它大概还因为把我赶开之后那块面包仍会悬在空中。
6 An Arab navvy working on the path nearby lowered his heavy hoe and sidled slowly towards us. He looked from the gazelle to the bread and from the bread to the gazelle, with a sort of quiet amazement, as though he had never seen anything quite like this before. Finally he said shyly in French: \"1 could eat some of that bread.\"
一个正在附近小道上干活的阿拉伯挖土工放下笨重的锄头，羞怯地侧着身子慢慢朝我们走过来。他把目光从瞪羚身上移向面包，又从面包转回到瞪羚身上，带着一点惊讶的神色，似乎以前从未见过这种情景。终于，他怯生生的用法语说道：“那面包让我吃一点吧。”
7 I tore off a piece and he stowed it gratefully in some secret place under his rags. This man is an employee of the municipality.
我撕下一块面包，他感激地把面包放进破衣裳贴身的地方。这人是市政当局的雇工。
8 When you go through the Jewish Quarters you gather some idea of what the medieval ghettoes were probably like. Under their Moorish Moorishrulers the Jews were only allowed to own land in certain restricted areas, and after centuries of this kind of treatment they have ceased to bother about overcrowding. Many of the streets are a good deal less than six feet wide, the houses are completely windowless, and sore-eyed children cluster everywhere in unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies. Down the centre of the street there is generally running a little
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river of urine.
当你走过这儿的犹太人聚居区时，你就会知道中世纪犹太人区大概是个什么样子。在摩尔人的统治下，犹太人只能在划定的一些地区内保有土地。受这样的待遇经过了好几个世纪后，他们已经不再为拥挤不堪而烦扰了。这儿很多街道的宽度远远不足六英尺，房屋根本没有窗户，眼睛红肿的孩子随处可见，多的像一群群苍蝇，数也数不清。街上往往是尿流成河。
9 In the bazaar huge families of Jews, all dressed in the long black robe and little black skull-cap, are working in dark fly-infested booths that look like caves. A carpenter sits crosslegged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chairlegs at lightning speed. He works the lathe with a bow in his right hand and guides the chisel with his left foot, and thanks to a lifetime of sitting in this position his left leg is warped out of shape. At his side his grandson, aged six, is already starting on the simpler parts of the job.
在集市上，一大家一大家的犹太人，全都身着黑色长袍，头戴黑色便帽，在看起来像洞窟一般阴暗无光，苍蝇麋集的摊篷里干活。一个木匠两脚交叉坐在一架老掉牙的车床旁，正以飞快的速度旋制椅子腿。他右手握弓开动车床，左脚引动旋刀。由于长期保持这种姿势，左脚已经弯翘变形了。他的一个年仅六岁的小孙子竟也在一旁开始帮着干一些简单的活计了。
10 I was just passing the coppersmiths' booths when somebody noticed that I was lighting a cigarette. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews, many of them old grandfathers with flowing grey beards, all
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clamouring for a cigarette. Even a blind man somewhere at the back of one of the booths heard a rumour of cigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the air with his hand. In about a minute I had used up the whole packet. None of these people, I suppose, works less than twelve hours a day, and every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.
我正要走过一个铜匠铺子时，突然有人发现我点着一支香烟。这一下子那些犹太人从四面八方的一个个黑洞窟里发疯似地围上来，其中有很多白胡子老汉，都吵着要讨支烟抽。甚至连一个盲人听到这讨烟的吵嚷声也从一个摊篷后面爬出来。伸手在空中乱摸。一分钟光景，我那一包香烟全分完了。我想这些人中没有谁会每天工作少于12个小时，可是他们个个都把一支香烟看成是一件十分难得的奢侈品。
11 As the Jews live in self-contained communities they follow the same trades as the Arabs, except for agriculture. Fruitsellers, potters, silversmiths, blacksmiths, butchers, leather-workers, tailors, water-carriers, beggars, porters -- whichever way you look you see nothing but Jews. As a matter of fact there are thirteen thousand of them, all living in the space of a few acres. A good job Hitlet wasn't here. Perhaps he was on his way, however. You hear the usual dark rumours about Jews, not only from the Arabs but from the poorer Europeans.
犹太人生活在一个自给自足的社会里，他们从事阿拉伯人所从事的行业，只是没有农业。他们中有卖水果的，有陶工、银匠、铁匠、屠夫、皮匠、裁缝、运水工，还有乞丐、脚夫——放眼四顾，到处是犹太人。事实上，在这不过几英亩的空间内居住着的犹太人就足足有一万三千之多。也算这些犹太人好运气，希特勒未曾光顾这里。不过，他也许曾经准备来的。你常听到的有关犹太人的风言风语（不利传言），不仅可以从阿拉伯人那里听到，
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而且还可以从较穷的欧洲人那里听到。
12 \"Yes vieux mon vieux, they took my job away from me and gave it to a Jew. The Jews! They' re the real rulers of this country, you know. They’ve got all the money. They control the banks, finance -- everything.\"
“我的老兄啊，他们把我的饭碗夺走给了犹太人。想必你也知道这些犹太人吧，他们才是这个国家真正的主宰。我们的钱都进了他们的腰包。银行、财政——一切都被他们控制住了。”
13 \"But\about a penny an hour?\"
“可是，”我说道，“大多数普通犹太人不也是为了一点微薄的工钱而辛勤劳作的苦力吗？”
14 \"Ah, that's only for show! They' re all money lenders really. They' re cunning, the Jews.\"
“噢！那不过是做出样子来给人看的（做秀）。事实上他们都是些放债获利的富豪。这些犹太人就是鬼得很。”
15 In just the same way, a couple of hundred years ago, poor old women used to be burned for witchcraft when they could not even work enough magic to get themselves a square meal.
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与此恰恰相似的是，几百年前，常常也有些苦命的老太婆被当成巫婆给活活烧死，然而事实上她们就连为自己变出一顿象样饭菜的巫术都没有。
16 All people who work with their hands are partly invisible, and the more important the work they do, the less visible they are. Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous. In northern Europe, when you see a labourer ploughing a field, you probably give him a second glance. In a hot country, anywhere south of Gibraltar or east of Suez, the chances are that you don't even see him. I have noticed this again and again. In a tropical landscape one's eye takes in everything except the human beings. It takes in the dried-up soil, the prickly pear, the palm tree and the distant mountain, but it always misses the peasant hoeing at his patch. He is the same colour as the earth, and a great deal less interesting to look at.
所有靠自己的双手干活的人一般都有点不太引人注目，他们所干的活儿越是重要，就越不为人所注目。不过，白皮肤总是比较显眼的。在北欧，若是发现田里有一个工人在耕地，你多半会再看他一眼。而在一个热带国家，直布罗陀以南或苏伊士运河以东的任何一个地方，你就可能看不到田里耕作的人。我一次又一次地注意到了这个情形。在热带地区，一切自然景色可以尽收眼底，惟独看不见人。人们可以看到干巴的土地、仙人掌、棕榈树，还有远处的群山，但往往遗漏了在地里锄地的农夫。他的肤色和土壤的颜色一样，却远远不及土壤中看。
17 It is only because of this that the starved countries of Asia and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts. No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas. But where the human beings have brown skins their poverty is simply not noticed. What does Morocco mean to a Frenchman? An orange grove
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or a job in Government service. Or to an Englishman? Camels, castles, palm trees, Foreign Legionnaires, brass trays, and bandits. One could probably live there for years without noticing that for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless back-breaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil.
正因如此，贫困潦倒的亚非国家倒成了旅游胜地。没有人会想组织游客去贫民窟去旅游，尽管费用低廉。但在居住着棕色皮肤的人的地方，他们的贫困却完全无人注意。摩洛哥对于一个法国人来说意味着什么呢？无非是一个能买到橘园或者谋取一份政府差使的地方。对于一个英国人呢？不过是骆驼、城堡、棕榈树、外籍兵团、黄铜盘子和匪徒等富于浪漫色彩的字眼而已。就算在那儿居住多年的人们也未曾注意到，对于当地百分之九十的居民而言，生活是一场为了从贫瘠的土地上榨出一点食物而进行的永无停息、艰苦卓绝的抗争。
18 Most of Morocco is so desolate that no wild animal bigger than a hare can live on it. Huge areas which were once covered with forest have turned into a treeless waste where the soil is exactly like broken-up brick. Nevertheless a good deal of it is cultivated, with frightful labour. Everything is done by hand. Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls, work their way slowly across the fields, tearing up the prickly weeds with their hands, and the peasant gathering lucerne for fodder pulls it up stalk by stalk instead of reaping it, thus saving an inch or two on each stalk. The plough is a wretched wooden thing, so frail that one can easily carry it on one's shoulder, and fitted underneath with a rough iron spike which stirs the soil to a depth of about four inches. This is as much as the strength of the animals is equal to. It is usual to plough with a cow and a donkey yoked together. Two donkeys would not be quite strong enough, but on the other hand
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two cows would cost a little more to feed. The peasants possess no narrows, they merely plough the soil several times over in different directions, finally leaving it in rough furrows, after which the whole field has to be shaped with hoes into small oblong patches to conserve water. Except for a day or two after the rare rainstorms there is never enough water. A long the edges of the fields channels are hacked out to a depth of thirty or forty feet to get at the tiny trickles which run through the subsoil.
摩洛哥的土地大部分荒无人烟，能够在此存活的野生动物还没有野兔大。大片曾经有森林覆盖着的土地已经变成寸草不生的荒野，土壤如同碎砖头一般。但在人们的辛苦劳作下，相当多的土地却被开垦了出来。所有的活儿都是手工完成的。排着长队的女人们弯着腰，像倒着的大写字母L一样，一面沿着田地慢慢往前走，一面用手拔掉带刺的野草。农民们在采集紫花苜蓿作牲口饲料时，不是用镰刀割断而是用手一株株地拔起，这样收割苜蓿剩下的一两英寸的根茎就不至于浪费。犁是木头制的劣等品，完全不结实，一个人可以轻而易举地扛在肩上。犁的底部安着一个粗糙的铁钉，它可以翻地约四英寸深。这和拉犁牲口的力量相当。通常是将一头牛和一头驴子套在一起拉犁。两头驴子的力量不够，另一方面，改用两头牛的话，所需的饲料又更多。农民们没有耕地用的耙，他们只是顺着不同的方向把地犁上几遍，犁出一道道不平的垄沟，最后再用锄头把整块地整成一块块用来蓄水的长方形小畦。除了罕见的暴风雨过后的一两天之外，其余时间这里都缺水。农民们沿着田边挖出一道道深达30或40英尺的沟渠，以便把下层土壤的涓涓细流汇聚起来。
19 Every afternoon a file of very old women passes down the road outside my house, each carrying a load of firewood. All of them are mummified with age and the sun, and all of them are tiny. It seems to be generally the case in primitive communities that the women, when they get beyond a certain age, shrink to the
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size of children. One day poor creature who could not have been more than four feet tall crept past me under a vast load of wood. I stopped her and put a five-sou sou piece ( a little more than a farthing into her hand. She answered with a shrill wail, almost a scream, which was partly gratitude but mainly surprise. I suppose that from her point of view, by taking any notice of her, I seemed almost to be violating a law of nature. She accept- ed her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden. When a family is travelling it is quite usual to see a father and a grown-up son riding ahead on donkeys, and an old woman following on foot, carrying the baggage.
每天下午都会有一队年老的妇人背着柴火，从我家门口的那条路走过。她们都因为年纪和日晒的缘故变得如木乃伊那般干瘪，个个身材瘦小。在原始社会，通常妇女们到达一定年龄后，身材会缩成孩子般大小。有一天，一个不超过四英尺高的可怜家伙背着重重的木头，从我面前缓缓走过。我拦住了她，往她手中塞了一个面值五个苏的钱币(约多于四分之一便士)。她的反应是一声近乎尖叫的刺耳哭喊，这喊叫部分是出于感激，但多半是诧异。我想，在她看来，我这样注意到她，几乎是违反了自然规律。她接受了自己既是老妇人，也是驮畜的社会地位。每当一家人四处远行时，通常可以看到父亲和已成年的儿子骑着驴子走在前面，而一位老妇人则背着行囊步行跟在后面。
20 But what is strange about these people is their invisibility. For several weeks, always at about the same time of day, the file of old women had hobbled past the house with their firewood, and though they had registered themselves on my eyeballs I cannot truly say that I had seen them. Firewood was passing -- that was how I saw it. It was only that one day I happened to be walking behind them, and the curious up-and-down motion of a load of wood drew my attention to the
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human being beneath it. Then for the first time I noticed the poor old
earth-coloured bodies, bodies reduced to bones and leathery skin, bent double under the crushing weight. Yet I suppose I had not been five minutes on Moroccan soil before I noticed the overloading of the donkeys and was infuriated by it. There is no question that the donkeys are damnably treated. The Moroccan donkey is hardly bigger than a St. Bernard dog, it carries a load which in the British Army would be considered too much for a fifteen-hands mule, and very often its packsaddle is not taken off its back for weeks together. But what is peculiarly pitiful is that it is the most willing creature on earth, it follows its master like a dog and does not need either bridle or halter . After a dozen years of devoted work it suddenly drops dead, whereupon its master tips it into the ditch and the village dogs have torn its guts out before it is cold.
然而这些人的奇特之处就在于他们无影无形。几个星期以来，每天几乎在同一个时段，都会有一队老妇人背着柴火在我房前蹒跚而过。尽管这一幕已经映人了我的眼帘，但仍然不能说我果真看到了她们。我所目睹到的只是成捆的柴火在向前蹒跚而行。直到那一天我碰巧走在她们后面的时候，我看到一捆柴火很奇怪地时上时下，这才让我注意到原来下面还有人。我这才第一次注意到这些可怜的 老妇人的土色躯体，一些瘦得只剩皮包骨头、在重压之下弯曲变形的躯体。但是我觉得我来到摩洛哥土地还不到五分钟就已经注意到驴子的负荷过重，并为此颇感愤怒。毫无疑问，这儿的驴子受到了虐待。摩洛哥的驴子几乎和圣伯纳犬一样大小，但它承受的负荷在英国军队里让一头高约一点五米的骡子驮都嫌重，而且，它身上的驮鞍经常一连几个星期都不卸下。但是，尤其让人觉得可悲的是，摩洛哥驴子是地球上最温顺的动物。不需要安上笼头或者缰绳，它就如同一条狗一样听从主人的吩咐。拼命工作十几年后，它便倒下猝死，这时主人便把它丢进沟里，在尸体变冷之前，它的五脏六腑早已被村狗掏出来吃掉。
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21 This kind of thing makes one's blood boil, whereas-- on the whole -- the plight of the human beings does not. I am not commenting, merely pointing to a fact. People with brown skins are next door to invisible. Anyone can be sorry for the donkey with its galled back, but it is generally owing to some kind of accident if one even notices the old woman under her load of sticks.
这类事情令人义愤填膺，然而，一般而言，人的困境却没有引起同样的反响。我并不是在发表议论，而仅仅是在指出一个事实。棕色人近乎于无形。人人都会同情一头脊背磨伤的驴子，但若要注意到柴火堆下的老妇人，只能是归于某种巧合。
22 As the storks flew northward the Negroes were marching southward -- a long, dusty column, infantry , screw-gun batteries, and then more infantry, four or five thousand men in all, winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels.
白鹳展翅北飞时，黑人却正行军南下——一列长长的、满面灰尘的行军队伍，步兵，炮兵，接着是人数更多的步兵，总共有四五千人，正靴声霍霍，轮声辘辘地蜿蜒前进。
23 They were Senegalese, the blackest Negroes in Africa, so black that sometimes it is difficult to see whereabouts on their necks the hair begins. Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms, their feet squashed into boots that looked like blocks of wood, and every tin hat seemed to be a couple of sizes too small. It was very hot and the men had marched a long way. They slumped under the weight of their packs and the curiously sensitive black faces were glistening with sweat.
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他们是塞内加尔人，是非洲肤色最黑的黑人，黑得有时让人难以看清他们脖颈上的头发从何而生。他们健美的身体上穿着旧的卡其布制服，脚上套着一双看上去像木块似的靴子，头上戴着一顶码子过小的钢盔。天气非常炎热，这些黑人已经走了很长的一段路。他们疲惫不堪地背着沉重的行李，好奇敏感的脸颊上汗水闪闪发光。
24 As they went past, a tall, very young Negro turned and caught my eye. But the look he gave me was not in the least the kind of look you might expect. Not hostile, not contemptuous, not sullen, not even inquisitive. It was the shy, wide-eyed Negro look, which actually is a look of profound respect. I saw how it was. This wretched boy, who is a French citizen and has therefore been dragged from the forest to scrub floors and catch syphilis in garrison towns, actually has feelings of reverence before a white skin. He has been taught that the white race are his masters, and he still believes it.
他们正走过时，一个高大年轻的黑人转过头，和我的目光相遇。但是他的神情完全出乎我的意料。既不是充满敌意，也不是轻蔑傲慢，不是愠怒愤恨，更不是好奇无知。那副神情腼腆羞怯、双眼圆睁，实际上蕴涵了深厚的敬意。我了解这种情况。这个可怜的男孩是法国公民，因此他从森林里被拖出来，去给驻军所在的城镇擦洗地板，并染上了梅毒。事实上他对白人充满敬意。别人给他灌输白人是主子的思想，对此他一直深信不疑。
25 But there is one thought which every white man (and in this connection it doesn't matter twopence if he calls himself a socialist) thinks when he sees a black army marching past. \"How much longer can we go on kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?\"
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但是每个白人(以及在这点上，那些自称是社会学家的人)在看到这群黑人行军经过时，心中总会冒出这样一个想法。“我们还能继续愚弄这些人多久?还要多久他们的枪口就会对准我们?”
26 It was curious really. Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. I had it, so had the other onlookers, so had the officers on their sweating chargers and the white N. C. Os marching in the ranks. It was a kind of secret which we all knew and were too clever to tell; only the Negroes didn't know it. And really it was like watching a flock of cattle to see the long column, a mile or two miles of armed men, flowing peacefully up the road, while the great white birds drifted over them in the opposite direction, glittering like scraps of paper.
这想法真够奇怪的。在场的每个白人心里都隐藏着这样的想法。我有，其他旁观者有，骑在汗水兮兮的战马上的军官有，走在行军队伍中的军士也有。这是我们大家心里都明白但心照不宣的秘密，只有黑人才不知道。的确，看到这列一两英里长的队伍静静地前行，就好比在观看一群家畜，掠过他们头顶的大白鹳正朝着相反的方向飞去，好像片片白色碎纸一样闪闪发光。
(from Reading for Rhetoric, by Caroline Shrodes,Clifford A. Josephson, and James R. Wilson) (选自卡罗琳·什罗茨、克利福德·A·约瑟夫森以及詹姆士·R·威尔逊合编《修辞读物》)
John F. Kennedy: Inaugural Address火炬已经传给新一代美国人（中英对照）
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肯尼迪就职演说
January 20，1961
Vice President Johnson, Mr. Speaker, Mr. Chief Justice, President
Eisenhower, Vice President Nixon, President Truman, Reverend Clergy, fellow citizens:
副总统约翰逊，议长先生，首席大法官先生，艾森豪威尔总统，副总统尼克松，杜鲁门总统，尊敬的牧师，同胞们：
We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom -- symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning -- signifying renewal, as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago.
我们今天庆祝的并不是一次政党的胜利，而是一次自由的庆典；它象征着结束，也象征着开始；意味着更新，也意味着变革。因为我已在你们和全能的上帝面前，作了跟我们祖先将近一又四分之三世纪以前所拟定的相同的庄严誓言。
The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe -- the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God.
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现今世界已经很不同了，因为人在自己血肉之躯的手中握有足以消灭一切形式的人类贫困和一切形式的人类生命的力量。可是我们祖先奋斗不息所维护的革命信念，在世界各地仍处于争论之中。那信念就是注定人权并非来自政府的慷慨施与，而是上帝所赐。
We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans -- born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.
我们今天不敢忘记我们是那第一次革命的继承人，让我从此时此地告诉我们的朋友，并且也告诉我们的敌人，这支火炬已传交新一代的美国人，他们出生在本世纪，经历过战争的锻炼，受过严酷而艰苦的和平的熏陶，以我们的古代传统自豪，而且不愿目睹或容许人权逐步被褫夺。对于这些人权我国一向坚贞不移，当前在国内和全世界我们也是对此力加维护的。
Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty.
让每一个国家知道，不管它盼我们好或盼我们坏，我们将付出任何代价，忍受任何重负，应付任何艰辛，支持任何朋友，反对任何敌人，以确保自由的存在与实现。
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This much we pledge -- and more.
这是我们矢志不移的事--而且还不止此。
To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends. United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is little we can do -- for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.
对于那些和我们拥有共同文化和精神传统的老盟邦，我们保证以挚友之诚相待。只要团结，则在许多合作事业中几乎没有什么是办不到的。倘若分裂，我们则无可作为，因为我们在意见分歧、各行其是的情况下，是不敢应付强大挑战的。
To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view. But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom -- and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.
对于那些我们欢迎其参与自由国家行列的新国家，我们要提出保证，绝不让一种形成的殖民统治消失后，却代之以另一种远为残酷的暴政。我们不能老是期望他们会支持我们的观点，但我们却一直希望他们能坚决维护他们自身的自由，并应记取，在过去，那些愚蠢得要骑在虎背上以壮声势的人，结果却被虎所吞噬。
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To those people in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required -- not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.
对于那些住在布满半个地球的茅舍和乡村中、力求打破普遍贫困的桎梏的人们，我们保证尽最大努力助其自救，不管需要多长时间。这并非因为共产党会那样做，也不是由于我们要求他们的选票，而是由于那样做是正确的。自由社会若不能帮助众多的穷人，也就不能保全那少数的富人。
To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge: to convert our good words into good deeds, in a new alliance for progress, to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas. And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.
对于我国边界以内的各姐妹共和国，我们提出一项特殊的保证：要把我们的美好诺言化作善行，在争取进步的新联盟中援助自由人和自由政府来摆脱贫困的枷锁。但这种为实现本身愿望而进行的和平革命不应成为不怀好意的国家的俎上肉。让我们所有的邻邦都知道，我们将与他们联合抵御对美洲任何地区的侵略或颠覆。让其它国家都知道，西半球的事西半球自己会管。
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To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support -- to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak, and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.
至于联合国这个各主权国家的世界性议会，在今天这个战争工具的发展速度超过和平工具的时代中，它是我们最后的、最美好的希望。我们愿重申我们的支持诺言；不让它变成仅供谩骂的讲坛，加强其对于新国弱国的保护，并扩大其权力所能运用的领域。
Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.
最后，对于那些与我们为敌的国家，我们所要提供的不是保证，而是要求：双方重新着手寻求和平，不要等到科学所释出的危险破坏力量在有意或无意中使全人类沦于自我毁灭。
We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed. But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course -- both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the
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hand of mankind's final war.
我们不敢以示弱去诱惑他们。因为只有当我们的武力无可置疑地壮大时，我们才能毫无疑问地确信永远不会使用武力。可是这两个强有力的国家集团，谁也不能对当前的趋势放心--双方都因现代武器的代价而感到不胜负担，双方都对于致命的原子力量不断发展而产生应有的惊骇，可是双方都在竞谋改变那不稳定的恐怖均衡，而此种均衡却可以暂时阻止人类最后从事战争。
So let us begin anew -- remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.
因此让我们重新开始，双方都应记住，谦恭并非懦弱的征象，而诚意则永远须要验证。让我们永不因畏惧而谈判。但让我们永不要畏惧谈判。
Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us. Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms, and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and encourage the arts and commerce. Let both sides unite to heed, in all corners of the earth, the command of Isaiah -- to \"undo the heavy burdens, and [to] let the oppressed go free.\"
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让双方探究能使我们团结在一起的是什么问题，而不要虚耗心力于使我们分裂的问题。让双方首次制订有关视察和管制武器的真诚而确切的建议，并且把那足以毁灭其它国家的漫无限制的力量置于所有国家的绝对管制之下。让双方都谋求激发科学的神奇力量而不是科学的恐怖因素。让我们联合起来去探索星球，治理沙漠，消除疾病，开发海洋深处，并鼓励艺术和商务。让双方携手在世界各个角落遵循以赛亚的命令，去“卸下沉重的负担……(并)让被压迫者得自由。”
And, if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor -- not a new balance of power, but a new world of law -- where the strong are just, and the weak secure, and the peace preserved. All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days; nor in the life of this Administration; nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin. 如果建立合作的滩头堡能够遏制重重猜疑，那么，让双方联合作一次新的努力吧，这不是追求新的权力均衡，而是建立一个新的法治世界，在那世界上强者公正，弱者安全，和平在握。凡此种种不会在最初的一百天中完成，不会在最初的一千天中完成，不会在本政府任期中完成，甚或也不能在我们活在地球上的毕生期间完成。但让我们开始。
In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course. Since this country was founded, each
generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. The graves of young Americans who answered the call to service surround the globe.
同胞们，我们事业的最后成效，主要不是掌握在我手里，而是操在你们手中。自从我
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国建立以来，每一代的美国人都曾应召以验证其对国家的忠诚。响应此项召唤而服军役的美国青年人的坟墓遍布全球各处。
Now the trumpet summons us again -- not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need -- not as a call to battle, though embattled we are -- but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, \"rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation,\"?a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.
现在那号角又再度召唤我们--不是号召我们肩起武器，虽然武器是我们所需要的；不是号召我们去作战，虽然我们准备应战；那是号召我们年复一年肩负起持久和胜败未分的斗争，“在希望中欢乐，在患难中忍耐”；这是一场对抗人类公敌--暴政、贫困、疾病以及战争本身--的斗争。
Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in that historic effort?
我们能否结成一个遍及东西南北的全球性伟大联盟来对付这些敌人，来确保全人类享有更为富裕的生活?你们是否愿意参与这历史性的努力?
In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility -- I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy,
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the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it. And the glow from that fire can truly light the world.
在世界的悠久历史中，只有很少几个世代的人赋有这种在自由遭遇最大危机时保卫自由的任务。我决不在这责任之前退缩；我欢迎它。我不相信我们中间会有人愿意跟别人及别的世代交换地位。我们在这场努力中所献出的精力、信念与虔诚、将照亮我们的国家以及所有为国家服务的人，而从这一火焰所聚出的光辉必能照明全世界。
And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.
所以，同胞们：不要问你们的国家能为你们做些什么，而要问你们能为国家做些什么。全世界的公民：不要问美国愿为你们做些什么，而应问我们在一起能为人类的自由做些什么。
Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own.
最后，不管你是美国的公民或世界它国的公民，请将我们所要求于你们的有关力量与牺牲的高标准拿来要求我们。我们唯一可靠的报酬是问心无愧，我们行为的最后裁判者是
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历史，让我们向前引导我们所挚爱的国土，企求上帝的保佑与扶携，但我们知道，在这个世界上，上帝的任务肯定就是我们自己所应肩负的任务。
Love is a Fallacy（爱情是一种谬误）
by
Max Shulman
Cool was I and logical. Keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute and astute—I was all of these. My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, precise as a chemist’s scales, as penetrating as a scalpel. And—think of it!—I only eighteen.
我这个人头脑冷静，逻辑思维能力强。敏锐、慎重、聪慧、深刻、机智一一这些就是我的特点。我的大脑像发电机一样发达，像化学家的天平一样精确，像手术刀一样锋利。一一你知道吗?我才十八岁呀。
It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. Take, for example, Petey Bellows, my roommate at the university. Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox. A nice enough fellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs. Emotional type. Unstable. Impressionable. Worst of all, a faddist. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. To be swept up in every new craze that comes along, to surrender oneself to idiocy just because everybody else is doing it—this, to me, is the acme of mindlessness. Not, however, to Petey.
年纪这么轻而智力又如此非凡的人并不常有。就拿在明尼苏达大学跟我同住一个房
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间的皮蒂•伯奇来说吧，他跟我年龄相同，经历一样，可他笨得像头驴。小 伙子 长得年轻漂亮，可惜脑子里却空空如也。他易于激动，情绪反复无常，容易受别人的影响。最糟的是他爱赶时髦。我认为，赶时髦就是最缺乏理智的表现。见到一种 新鲜的东西就跟着学，以为别人都在那么干，自己也就卷进去傻干——这在我看来，简直愚蠢至极，但皮蒂却不以为然。
One afternoon I found Petey lying on his bed with an expression of such distress on his face that I immediately diagnosed appendicitis. “Don’t move,” I said, “Don’t take a laxative. I’ll get a doctor.”“Raccoon,” he mumbled thickly.“Raccoon?” I said, pausing in my flight.“I want a raccoon coat,” he wailed.I perceived that his trouble was not physical, but mental. “Why do you want a raccoon coat?”“I should have known it,” he cried, pounding his temples. “I should have known they’d come back when the Charleston came back. Like a fool I spent all my money for textbooks, and now I can’t get a raccoon
coat.”“Can you mean,” I said incredulously, “that people are actually wearing raccoon coats again?”“All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them. Where’ve you been?”“In the library,” I said, naming a place not frequented by Big Men on Campus.He leaped from the bed and paced the room. “I’ve got to have a raccoon coat,” he said passionately. “I’ve got to!”
一天下午我看见皮蒂躺在床上，脸上显露出一种痛苦不堪的表情，我立刻断定他是得了阑尾炎。“别动，”我说，“别吃泻药，我就请医生来。” “浣熊，”他咕哝着说。 “浣熊?”我停下来问道。 “我要一件浣熊皮大衣，”他痛苦地哭叫着。 我明白了，他不是身体不舒服，而是精神上不太正常。“你为什么要浣熊皮大衣?” “我本早该知道，”他哭叫着，用拳头捶打着太阳穴，“我早该知道查尔斯登舞再度流行时，浣熊皮大衣也会时兴
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起来的。我真傻，钱都买了课本，可现在不能买浣熊皮大衣了。” 我带着怀疑的眼神问道：“你是说人们真的又要穿浣熊皮大衣吗?” “校园里有身分的人哪个不穿?你刚从哪儿来?” “图书馆，”我说了一个有身分的人不常去的地方。 他从床上一跃而起，在房间里踱来踱去。“我一定要弄到一件浣熊皮大衣，”他激动地说，“非弄到不可!”
“Petey, why? Look at it rationally. Raccoon coats are unsanitary. They shed. They smell bad. They weigh too much. They’re unsightly. They—”“You don’t understand,” he interrupted impatiently. “It’s the thing to do. Don’t you want to be in the swim?”“No,” I said truthfully.“Well, I do,” he declared. “I’d give anything for a raccoon coat. Anything!” My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. “Anything?” I asked, looking at him narrowly.“Anything,” he affirmed in ringing tones.“
皮蒂，你怎么啦?冷静地想一想吧，浣熊皮大衣不卫生，掉毛，味道难闻，既笨重又不好看，而且…… “你不懂，”他不耐烦地打断我的话。“这就叫时髦。难道你不想赶时髦吗?” “不想，”我坦率地回答。 “好啦，我可想着呢!”他肯定地说。“只要有浣熊皮大衣，要我什么我都给，什么都行!” 我的大脑一一这件精密的仪器一一即刻运转起来。我仔细地打量着他，问道：“什么都行?” “什么都行!”他斩钉截铁地说。
I stroked my chin thoughtfully. It so happened that I knew where to get my hands on a raccoon coat. My father had had one in his undergraduate days; it lay now in a trunk in the attic back home. It also happened that Petey had something I wanted. He didn’t have it exactly, but at least he had first rights on it. I refer to his girl, Polly Espy.
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我若有所思地抚着下巴。好极了，我知道哪儿能弄到浣熊皮大衣。我父亲在大学读书时就穿过一件，现在还放在家里顶楼的箱子里。恰好皮蒂也有我需要的东西。尽管他还没有弄到手，但至少他有优先权。我说的是他的女朋友波利.埃斯皮。
I had long coveted Polly Espy. Let me emphasize that my desire for this young woman was not emotional in nature. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated, entirely cerebral reason.
我早已钟情于波利埃斯皮了。我要特别说明的是，我想得到这妙龄少女并不是由于感情的驱使。她确实是个易于使人动情的姑娘。可我不是那种让感情统治理智的人，我想得到波利是经过了慎重考虑的，完全是出于理智上的原因。
I was a freshman in law school. In a few years I would be out in practice. I was well aware of the importance of the right kind of wife in furthering a lawyer’s career. The successful lawyers I had observed were, almost without exception, married to beautiful, gracious, intelligent women. With one omission, Polly fitted these specifications perfectly.
我是法学院一年级的学生，过不了几年就要挂牌当律师了。我很清楚，一个合适的妻子对一个律师的前途来说是非常重要的。我发现大凡有成就的律师几乎都是和美丽、文雅、聪明的女子结婚的。波利只差一条就完全符合这些条件了。
Beautiful she was. She was not yet of pin-up proportions, but I felt that time would supply the lack. She already had the makings.
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她漂亮。尽管她的身材还没有挂在墙上的美女照片那么苗条，但我相信时间会弥补这个不足。她已经大致不差了。
Gracious she was. By gracious I mean full of graces. She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing, a poise that clearly indicated the best of breeding. At table her manners were exquisite. I had seen her at the Kozy Kampus Korner eating the specialty of the house—a sandwich that contained scraps of pot roast, gravy, chopped nuts, and a dipper of sauerkraut—without even getting her fingers moist.
她温文尔雅——我这里是指她很有风度。她婷婷玉立，落落大方，泰然自若，一眼就看得出她很有教养。她进餐时，动作是那样的优美。我曾看见过她在“舒适的校园之角”吃名点——一块夹有几片带汁的炖肉和碎核桃仁的三明治，还有一小杯泡菜——手指儿一点儿也没有沾湿。
Intelligent she was not. In fact, she veered in the opposite direction. But I believed that under my guidance she would smarten up. At any rate, it was worth a try. It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.
她不聪明，实际上恰好相反。但我相信有我的指导，她会变得聪明的。无论如何可以试一试，使一个漂亮的笨姑娘变得聪明比使一个聪明的丑姑娘变得漂亮毕竟要容易些。
“Petey,” I said, “are you in love with Polly Espy?”“I think she’s a keen kid,” he replied, “but I don’t know if you’d call it love. Why?”“Do you,” I asked, “have any kind of formal arrangement with her? I mean are you going
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steady or anything like that?”“No. We see each other quite a bit, but we both have other dates. Why?”“Is there,” I asked, “any other man for whom she has a particular fondness?”“Not that I know of. Why?”I nodded with satisfaction. “In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open. Is that right?”“I guess so. What are you getting at?”“Nothing , nothing,” I said innocently, and took my suitcase out the closet.“Where are you going?” asked Petey.“Home for weekend.” I threw a few things into the bag.“Listen,” he said, clutching my arm eagerly, “while you’re home, you couldn’t get some money from your old man, could you, and lend it to me so I can buy a raccoon coat?”“I may do better than that,” I said with a mysterious wink and closed my bag and left.“
皮蒂，”我说，“你在跟波利谈恋爱吧?” “我觉得她是一个讨人喜欢的姑娘，”他回答说，“但我不知道这是不是就叫做爱情。你问这个干吗?” “你和她有什么正式的安排吗?我是说你们是不是常有约会，或者有诸如此类的事情?”我问。 “没有，我们常常见面。但我们俩各自有别的约会。你问这个干嘛?” “还有没有别人使她特别喜欢呢?”我问道。 “那我可不知道。你问这些干吗?” 我满意地点点头说：“这就是说。如果你不在，场地就是空着的。你说是吗?” “我想是这样。你这话是什么意思?” “没什么，没什么，”我若无其事地说，接着把手提皮箱从壁橱里拿了出来。 “你去哪儿?”皮蒂问。 “回家过周末。”我把几件衣服扔进了提箱。 “听着，”他焦急的抓住我的胳膊说，“你回家后，从你父亲那儿弄点钱来借给我买一件浣熊皮大衣，好吗?” “也许不仅只是这样呢。”我神秘地眨着眼睛说，随后关上皮箱就走了。
“Look,” I said to Petey when I got back Monday morning. I threw open the suitcase and revealed the huge, hairy, gamy object that my father had worn in his
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Stutz Bearcat in 1925.
星期一上午我回到学校时对皮蒂说：“你瞧!”我猛地打开皮箱，那件肥大、毛茸茸、散发着怪味的东西露了出来，这就是我父亲1925年在施图茨比尔凯特汽车里穿过的那一件浣熊皮大衣。
“Holy Toledo!” said Petey reverently. He plunged his hands into the raccoon coat and then his face. “Holy Toledo!” he repeated fifteen or twenty
times.“Would you like it?” I asked.“Oh yes!” he cried, clutching the greasy pelt to him. Then a canny look came into his eyes. “What do you want for it?”“Your girl.” I said, mincing no words.“Polly?” he said in a horrified whisper. “You want Polly?”“That’s right.”He flung the coat from him. “Never,” he said stoutly.I shrugged. “Okay. If you don’t want to be in the swim, I guess it’s your business.”
“太好了!”皮蒂恭敬的说。他把两只手插进那件皮大衣，然后把头也埋了进去。“太好啦!”他不断地重复了一二十遍。 “你喜欢吗?”我问道。 “哦，喜欢!”他高声叫着，把那满是油腻的毛皮紧紧地搂在怀里。接着他眼里露出机警的神色，说着：“你要什么换呢?” “你的女朋友，”我毫不讳言地说。 “波利?”他吃惊了，结结巴巴地说，“你要波利?” “是的。” 他把皮大衣往旁一扔，毫不妥协的说：“那可不行。” 我耸了耸肩膀说：“好吧，如果你不想赶时髦，那就随你的便好了。
”I sat down in a chair and pretended to read a book, but out of the corner of my eye I kept watching Petey. He was a torn man. First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window. Then he turned away and set his jaw
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resolutely. Then he looked back at the coat, with even more longing in his face. Then he turned away, but with not so much resolution this time. Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning. Finally he didn’t turn away at all; he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat.
我在一把椅子上坐了下来，假装读书，暗暗地瞟着皮蒂。他神情不安，用面包店窗前的流浪儿那种馋涎欲滴的神情望着那件皮大衣，接着扭过头去，坚定地咬 紧牙 关。过了一会儿，他又回过头来把目光投向那件皮大衣，脸上露出更加渴望的神情。等他再扭过头去，已经不那么坚决了。他看了又看，越看越爱，慢慢地决心也就 减弱了。最后他再也不扭过头去，只是站在那儿，贪婪地盯着那件皮大衣。
“It isn’t as though I was in love with Polly,” he said thickly. “Or going steady or anything like that.”“That’s right,” I murmured.“What’s Polly to me, or me to Polly?”“Not a thing,” said I.“It’s just been a casual kick—just a few laughs, that’s all.”“Try on the coat,” said I.He complied. The coat bunched high over his ears and dropped all the way down to his shoe tops. He looked like a mound of dead raccoons. “Fits fine,” he said happily.I rose from my chair. “Is it a deal?” I asked, extending my hand.He swallowed. “It’s a deal,” he said and shook my hand.“
我和波利好像不是在谈恋爱，”他含含糊糊地说。“也说不上经常约会或有诸如此类的事情。” “好的，”我低声地说。 “波利对我算得了什么?我对波利又算得了什么?” “只不过是一时高兴—–不过是说说笑笑罢了，如此而已。” “试试大衣吧。”我说 “他照办了。衣领蒙住了他的耳朵，下摆一直拖到脚跟。他看起 来活像一具浣熊尸体。他高兴地说：“挺合身的。” “我从椅子上站了起来。“成交了吗?”我说着，把手伸向
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他。 他轻易地接受了。“算数．”他说，并跟我握了握手。
I had my first date with Polly the following evening. This was in the nature of a survey; I wanted to find out just how much work I had to do to get her mind up to the standard I required. I took her first to dinner. “Gee, that was a delish dinner,” she said as we left the restaurant. Then I took her to a movie. “Gee, that was a marvy movie,” she said as we left the theatre. And then I took her home. “Gee, I had a sensaysh time,” she said as she bade me good night.
第二天晚上，我与波利第一次约会了。这一次实际上是我对她的考察。我想弄清要作多大的努力才能使她的头脑达到我的要求。我首先请她去吃饭。“哈，这 顿饭真 够意思，”离开餐馆时她说。然后我请她去看电影。“嘿，这片子真好看，”走出影院时她说。最后我送她回家。和我道别时她说：“嘿，今晚玩得真痛快。
”I went back to my room with a heavy heart. I had gravely underestimated the size of my task. This girl’s lack of information was terrifying. Nor would it be enough merely to supply her with information. First she had to be taught to think. This loomed as a project of no small dimensions, and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey. But then I got to thinking about her abundant physical charms and about the way she entered a room and the way she handled a knife and fork, and I decided to make an effort.
我带着不大痛快的心情回到了房间。我对这任务的艰巨性估计得太低了。这姑娘的知识少得叫人吃惊。只是给她增加知识还不够，首先得教她学会思考。这可 不是一 件容易的事，当时我真想把她还给皮蒂算了。但我一想到她那充满魅力的身材，她那进屋时的模
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样，她那拿刀叉的姿式，我还是决定再作一番努力。
I went about it, as in all things, systematically. I gave her a course in logic. It happened that I, as a law student, was taking a course in logic myself, so I had all the facts at my fingertips. “Poll’,” I said to her when I picked her up on our next date, “tonight we are going over to the Knoll and talk.”
就像做其他的事情一样，我开始有计划地干了起来。我开始给她上辑课。幸好我是一个学法律的学生，我自己也正在学逻辑学，所以对要教的内容我都很熟悉。当我接她赴第二次约会时，我对她说：“今晚上咱们去‘小山’谈谈吧”。
“Oo, terrif,” she replied. One thing I will say for this girl: you would go far to find another so agreeable.We went to the Knoll, the campus trysting place, and we sat down under an old oak, and she looked at me expectantly. “What are we going to talk about?” she asked.“Logic.”She thought this over for a minute and decided she liked it. “Magnif,” she said.“Logic,” I said, clearing my throat, “is the science of thinking. Before we can think correctly, we must first learn to recognize the common fallacies of logic. These we will take up
tonight.”“Wow-dow!” she cried, clapping her hands delightedly.I winced, but went bravely on. “First let us examine the fallacy called Dicto Simpliciter.”“By all means,” she urged, batting her lashes eagerly.“Dicto Simpliciter means an argument based on an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore everybody should exercise.”“I agree,” said Polly earnestly. “I mean exercise is wonderful. I mean it builds the body and everything.”
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“啊，好极了，”她回答道。对这姑娘我要补充一句的是，像她这么好商量的人是不多见的。 我们去了“小山”，这是校园里人们幽会的地方。我们坐在一棵老橡树下，她用期待的眼神看着我。“我们谈些什么呢?”她问。 她想了一会儿，觉得不错，便说：“好极了。” “逻辑学，”我清了清嗓了，“就是思维的科学。在我们能正确地思维之前，首先必须学会判别逻辑方面的常见谬误。我们今晚就要来谈谈这些。” “哇!”她叫了起来，高兴地拍着手。 我打了个寒噤，但还是鼓足勇气讲下去：“首先我们来考究一下被称为绝对判断（Dicto Simpliciter，段海新注：拉丁文，意思是”to a universal rule”）的谬误。” “好呀!”她眨了眨眼，催促着。 “绝对判断指的是根据一种无条件的前提推出的论断（unqualified generalization，段海新注：不做约束地泛化，即把一种结论绝对化，防之四海皆准，不允许任何例外）。譬如说，运动是有益的，因此人人都要运动。” “不错，”波利认真地说，“运动是非常有益的，它能增强体质，好处太多了!”
“Polly,” I said gently, “the argument is a fallacy. Exercise is good is an unqualified generalization. For instance, if you have heart disease, exercise is bad, not good. Many people are ordered by their doctors not to exercise. You must qualify the generalization. You must say exercise is usually good, or exercise is good for most people. Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter. Do you see?”“No,” she confessed. “But this is marvy. Do more! Do more!”
“波利，”我温和地说，“这种论点是谬误。运动有益是一种无条件的前提（unqualified generalization，不做约束地泛化）。比方说，假设你得了心脏病，运动不但无益，反而有害，有不少人医生就不准他们运 动。你必须给这种前提加以限制。你应该说，一般来说运动是有益的。或者说，对大多数人是有益的。否则就是犯了绝对判断的错误，懂吗?”“不懂，”她坦率地说。“这可太有意思了，讲吧!往下讲吧!”
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“It will be better if you stop tugging at my sleeve,” I told her, and when she desisted, I continued. “Next we take up a fallacy called Hasty Generalization. Listen carefully: You can’t speak French. Petey Bellows can’t speak French. I must therefore conclude that nobody at the University of Minnesota can speak French.”“Really?” said Polly, amazed. “Nobody?”
“你最好别拉我袖子了，”我对她说。等她松了手，我继续讲：“下面我们讲一种被称为草率结论（Hasty Generalization）的谬误。你仔细听：你不会讲法语，我不会讲法语，皮蒂也不会讲法语。因此我就会断定在明尼苏达大学谁也不会讲法语。” “真的?”波利好奇的问道，“谁也不会吗?”
I hid my exasperation. “Polly, it’s a fallacy. The generalization is reached too hastily. There are too few instances to support such a conclusion.”“Know any more fallacies?” she asked breathlessly. “This is more fun than dancing even.”
我压住火气。“波利，这是一种谬误，这是一种草率的结论。支持这种结论的例证太少了。” “你还知道其他的谬误吗?”她气喘吁吁地说：“这真比跳舞还有意思啦!”
I fought off a wave of despair. I was getting nowhere with this girl, absolutely nowhere. Still, I am nothing if not persistent. I continued. “Next comes Post Hoc. Listen to this: Let’s not take Bill on our picnic. Every time we take him out with us, it rains.”“I know somebody just like that,” she exclaimed. “A girl back home—Eula Becker, her name is. It never fails. Every single time we take her on a picnic—”
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我极力地使自己不灰心。我真拿这姑娘没办法，的确是毫无办法。可是，如果我不坚持下去，我就太没有用了。因此，我继续讲下去。 “现在听我讲讲‘牵强附会（Post Hoc，段海新注：拉丁文，意思是after this, therefore because (on account) of this）’的谬误。听着：我们不要带比尔出去野餐。每次带他一起去，天就下雨。” “我就见过这样的人，”她感叹地说。“我们家乡有个女孩，名叫尤拉•蓓克尔。从没有例外，每次我们带她去野餐……”
“Polly,” I said sharply, “it’s a fallacy. Eula Becker doesn’t cause the rain. She has no connection with the rain. You are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame Eula Becker.”“I’ll never do it again,” she promised contritely. “Are you mad at me?”I sighed. “No, Polly, I’m not mad.”“Then tell me some more fallacies.”“All right. Let’s try Contradictory Premises.”“Yes, let’s,” she chirped, blinking her eyes happily.I frowned, but plunged ahead. “Here’s an example of Contradictory Premises: If God can do anything, can He make a stone so heavy that He won’t be able to lift it?”
“波利，”我严厉地说，“这是一种谬误。下雨并不是尤拉蓓克尔造成的，下雨与她没有任何关系。如果你责怪尤拉•蓓克尔，你就是犯了牵强附会的错误。” “我再也不这样了，”她懊悔地保证说。“你生我的气了吗?” 我深深地叹了一口气：“不，波利，我没生气。” “那么，给我再讲些谬误吧!” “好，让我们来看看矛盾前提吧。” “行，行，”她叽叽喳喳地叫着，两眼闪现出快乐的光芒。 我皱了皱眉头，但还是接着讲下去。“这里有一个矛盾前提（ Contradictory Premises）的例子：如果上帝是万能的，他能造出一块连他自己也搬不动的大石头吗?”
“Of course,” she replied promptly.“But if He can do anything, He can lift the
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stone,” I pointed out.“Yeah,” she said thoughtfully. “Well, then I guess He can’t make the stone.”“But He can do anything,” I reminded her.She scratched her pretty, empty head. “I’m all confused,” she admitted.“Of course you are. Because when the premises of an argument contradict each other, there can be no argument. If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable object. If there is an immovable object, there can be no irresistible force. Get it?”“Tell me more of this keen stuff,” she said eagerly.I consulted my watch. “I think we’d better call it a night. I’ll take you home now, and you go over all the things you’ve learned. We’ll have another session tomorrow night.”
“当然能，”她毫不犹豫地回答道。 “但是如果他是万能的，他就能搬动那块石头呀，”我提醒她。 “是嘛!”她若有所思地说，“嗯，我想他造不出那样的石头。” “但他是万能的啊，”我进一步提醒她。 她用手抓了抓她那漂亮而又空虚的脑袋。“我全搞糊涂了，”她承认说。 “你确实糊涂了。因为如果一种论点的各个前提是矛盾的，那么这种论点就不能成立。如果有一种不可抗拒的力量．就不可能有一种不可移动的物体；如果有一种不可移动的物体，就不可能有一种不可抗拒的力量。懂吗?” “再给我讲些这类新奇的玩意儿吧，”她恳切地说。 我看了看表，说：“我想今晚就谈到这里。我现在该送你回去了。你把所学的东西复习一遍，我们明晚上再来上一课吧。
”I deposited her at the girls’ dormitory, where she assured me that she had had a perfectly terrif evening, and I went glumly home to my room. Petey lay snoring in his bed, the raccoon coat huddled like a great hairy beast at his feet. For a moment I considered waking him and telling him that he could have his girl back. It seemed clear that my project was doomed to failure. The girl simply had a logic-proof head.
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我把她送到了女生宿舍，在那里她向我保证说这个晚上她过得非常痛快。我闷闷不乐地回到了我的房间，皮蒂正鼾声如雷地睡在床上。那件浣熊皮大衣像一头 多毛 的野兽扒在他的脚边。我当时真想把他叫醒，告诉他可以把他的女朋友要回去。看来我的计划会要落空了。这姑娘对逻辑简直是一点儿都不开窍。
But then I reconsidered. I had wasted one evening; I might as well waste another. Who knew? Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind a few members still smoldered. Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame. Admittedly it was not a prospect fraught with hope, but I decided to give it one more try.
但是我回过头一想，既然已经浪费了一个晚上，不妨还是再花一个晚上看看。天晓得，说不定她头脑里的死火山口中的什么地方，还有些火星会喷射出来呢。也许我会有办法能把这些火星扇成熊熊烈焰。当然，成功的希望是不大的，但我还是决定再试一次。
Seated under the oak the next evening I said, “Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam.”She quivered with delight.“Listen closely,” I said. “A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he replies that he has a wife and six children at home, the wife is a helpless cripple, the children have nothing to eat, no clothes to wear, no shoes on their feet, there are no beds in the house, no coal in the cellar, and winter is coming.
”第二天晚上我们又坐在那棵橡树下，我说：“今晚上我们要谈的第一种谬误叫做文不对题(Ad Misericordiam, 也被称作Appeal to pity，博取同情)。” 她高兴得都发抖了。 “注意听，”我说。“有个人申请工作，当老板问他所具备的条件时，他回答说他家有妻子和六个孩子。妻子完全残废了，孩子们没吃的，没穿的，睡觉没有床，生火没有煤，眼
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看冬天就要到了。
”A tear rolled down each of Polly’s pink cheeks. “Oh, this is awful, awful,” she sobbed.“Yes, it’s awful,” I agreed, “but it’s no argument. The man never answered the boss’s question about his qualifications. Instead he appealed to the boss’s sympathy. He committed the fallacy of Ad Misericordiam. Do you understand?”“Have you got a handkerchief?” she blubbered.
两滴眼泪顺着波利那粉红的面颊往下滚。“啊，这太可怕了!太可怕了!”她抽泣着说。 “是的，是太可怕了，”我同意地说。“但这可不成其为申请工作的理由。那人根本没有回答老板提出的关于他的条件的间题，反而祈求老板的同情。他犯了文不对题的错误。你懂吗!” “你带手帕了没有?”她哭着说。
I handed her a handkerchief and tried to keep from screaming while she wiped her eyes. “Next,” I said in a carefully controlled tone, “we will discuss False Analogy. Here is an example: Students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during examinations. After all, surgeons have X-rays to guide them during an operation, lawyers have briefs to guide them during a trial, carpenters have blueprints to guide them when they are building a house. Why, then, shouldn’t students be allowed to look at their textbooks during an examination?
”我把手帕递给她。当她擦眼泪时，我极力控制自己的火气。“下面，”我小心地压低声调说，“我们要讨论错误类比（False Analogy）。这里有一个例子：应该允许学生考试时看课 本。既然外科医生在做手术时可以看X光片，律师在审案时可以看案由，木匠在造房子时可以看蓝图，为什么学生在考试时不能看课本呢?”
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“There now,” she said enthusiastically, “is the most marvy idea I’ve heard in years.”“Polly,” I said testily, “the argument is all wrong. Doctors, lawyers, and carpenters aren’t taking a test to see how much they have learned, but students are. The situations are altogether different, and you can’t make an analogy between them.”“I still think it’s a good idea,” said Polly.“Nuts,” I muttered. Doggedly I pressed on. “Next we’ll try Hypothesis Contrary to Fact.”“Sounds yummy,” was Polly’s reaction.“Listen: If Madame Curie had not happened to leave a photographic plate in a drawer with a chunk of pitchblende, the world today would not know about radium.”“True, true,” said Polly, nodding her head “Did you see the movie? Oh, it just knocked me out. That Walter Pidgeon is so dreamy. I mean he fractures me.”
“这个，”她满怀激情地说，“可是我多少年来听到的最好的主意。” “波利，”我生气地说，“这种论点全错了。医生、律师和木匠并不是以参加考试的方式去测验他们所学的东西。学生们才是这样。情况完全不同，你不能在不同的情况之间进行类比”。 “我还是觉得这是个好主意，”波利说。 “咳!”我嘀咕着，但我还是执意地往下讲，“接下去我们试试与事实相反的假设（Hypothesis Contrary to Fact）吧。” 波利的反应是：“倒挺好。” “你听着：如果居里夫人不是碰巧把一张照相底片放在装有一块沥清铀矿石的抽屉里，那么世人今天就不会知道镭。” “对，对，”波利点头称是。“你看过那部影片吗?哦，真好看。沃尔特•皮金演得太好了．我是说他让我着迷了。”
“If you can forget Mr. Pidgeon for a moment,” I said coldly, “I would like to point out that statement is a fallacy. Maybe Madame Curie would have discovered radium at some later date. Maybe somebody else would have discovered it. Maybe any number of things would have happened. You can’t start with a hypothesis
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that is not true and then draw any supportable conclusions from it.”
“如果你能暂时忘记皮金先生，”我冷冰冰地说，“我会愿意指出这种说法是错误的。也许居里夫人以后会发现镭的，也许由别人去发现，也许还会发生其他的事情。你不能从一个不实际的假设出发，从中得出任何可站得住脚的结论。”
“They ought to put Walter Pidgeon in more pictures,” said Polly, “I hardly ever see him any more.”One more chance, I decided. But just one more. There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear. “The next fallacy is called Poisoning the Well.”“How cute!” she gurgled.“Two men are having a debate. The first one gets up and says, ‘My opponent is a notorious liar. You can’t believe a word that he is going to say.’ ... Now, Polly, think. Think hard. What’s wrong?”“
人们真应该让沃尔特皮金多拍些照片，”波利说，“我几乎再也看不到他了。” 我决定再试一次，但只能一次。一个人的忍耐毕竟是有限度的。我说：“下一个谬误叫做井下放毒（Poisoning the Well，段海新注：我觉得翻译成人身攻击更合适一些）。” “多聪明啊!”她咯咯笑了起来。 “有两个人在进行一场辩论。第一个人站起来说：‘我的论敌是个劣迹昭彰的骗子。他所说的每一句话都不可信。’……波利，现在你想想，好好想一想。这句话错在哪里?”
I watched her closely as she knit her creamy brow in concentration. Suddenly a glimmer of intelligence—the first I had seen—came into her eyes. “It’s not fair,” she said with indignation. “It’s not a bit fair. What chance has the second man got if the first man calls him a liar before he even begins talking?”“Right!” I cried exultantly. “One hundred per cent right. It’s not fair. The first man has
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poisoned the well before anybody could drink from it. He has hamstrung his opponent before he could even start ... Polly, I’m proud of you.”“Pshaws,” she murmured, blushing with pleasure.“You see, my dear, these things aren’t so hard. All you have to do is concentrate. Think—examine—evaluate. Come now, let’s review everything we have learned.”
她紧锁着眉头，我凝神地看着她。突然，一道智慧的光芒——这是我从未看到过的一一闪现在她的眼中。“这不公平，”她气愤地说，“一点都不公平。如果第一个人不等第二个人开口就说他是骗子，那么第二个人还有什么可说的呢?” “对!”我高兴地叫了起来，“百分之百的对，是不公平。第一个人还不等别人喝到井水，就在井下放毒了。他还不等他的对手开口就已经伤害了他。……波利，我真为你感到骄傲。”她轻轻地“哼”了一声，高兴得脸郡发红了。 “你看，亲爱的，这些问题并不深奥，只要精力集中，就能对付。思考——分析—一判断。来，让我们把所学过的东西再复习一遍吧。”
“Fire away,” she said with an airy wave of her hand.Heartened by the knowledge that Polly was not altogether a cretin, I began a long, patient review of all I had told her. Over and over and over again I cited instances, pointed out flaws, kept hammering away without letup. It was like digging a tunnel. At first, everything was work, sweat, and darkness. I had no idea when I would reach the light, or even if I would. But I persisted. I pounded and clawed and scraped, and finally I was rewarded. I saw a chink of light. And then the chink got bigger and the sun came pouring in and all was bright.“
来吧，”她说着。把手往上一晃。 看到波利并不那么傻，我的劲头上来了。于是，我便开始把对她讲过的一切，长时间地、耐心地复习了一遍。我给她一个一个地举出例子，
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指出其中的错误，不停地 讲下去。就好比挖掘一条隧道，开始只有劳累、汗水和黑暗，不知道什么时候能见到光亮，甚至还不知道能否见到光亮。但我坚持着，凿啊，挖啊，刮啊，终于得到 了报偿。我见到了一线光亮，这光亮越来越大，终于阳光洒进来了，一切都豁然开朗了。
Five grueling nights with this took, but it was worth it. I had made a logician out of Polly; I had taught her to think. My job was done. She was worthy of me, at last. She was a fit wife for me, a proper hostess for my many mansions, a suitable mother for my well-heeled children.It must not be thought that I was without love for this girl. Quite the contrary. Just as Pygmalion loved the perfect woman he had fashioned, so I loved mine. I decided to acquaint her with my feelings at our very next meeting. The time had come to change our relationship from academic to romantic.
我辛辛苦苦地花了五个晚上，但总算还是没有白费，我使波利变成一个逻辑学家了，我教她学会了思考。我的任务完成了，她最终还是配得上我的。她会成为我贤慧的妻子，我那些豪华公馆里出色的女主人。我那些有良好教养的孩子们的合格的母亲。 不要以为我不爱这姑娘了，恰恰相反。正如皮格马利翁珍爱他自己塑造的完美的少女像一样，我也非常地爱我的波利。我决定下次会面时把自己的感情向她倾吐。该是把我们师生式的关系转化为爱情的时候了。
“Polly,” I said when next we sat beneath our oak, “tonight we will not discuss fallacies.”“Aw, gee,” she said, disappointed.“My dear,” I said, favoring her with a smile, “we have now spent five evenings together. We have gotten along splendidly. It is clear that we are well matched.”“Hasty Generalization,”
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said Polly brightly.“I beg your pardon,” said I.“Hasty Generalization,” she repeated. “How can you say that we are well matched on the basis of only five dates?”
“波利，”当我们又坐在我们那棵橡树下时，我说。“今晚我们不再讨论谬误了。” “怎么啦?”她失望地问道。 “亲爱的，”我友好地对她笑了笑，“我们已经一起度过了五个晚上，我们相处得很好。显然我们俩是很相配的。” “草率结论（Hasty
Generalization），”波利伶俐地说。 “你是说…?”我问道。 “草率结论，”她重复了一遍。“你怎么能凭我们仅有的五次约会就说我们俩很相配呢?”
I chuckled with amusement. The dear child had learned her lessons well. “My dear,” I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner, “five dates is plenty. After all, you don’t have to eat a whole cake to know that it’s good.”
我咯咯一笑，觉得挺有意思。这可爱的小家伙功课学得可真不错。“亲爱的，”我耐心地拍打着她的手说，“五次约会就不少了，毕竟你不必把整个蛋糕吃下去才知道蛋糕的甜味。”
“False Analogy,” said Polly promptly. “I’m not a cake. I’m a girl.”I chuckled with somewhat less amusement. The dear child had learned her lessons perhaps too well. I decided to change tactics. Obviously the best approach was a simple, strong, direct declaration of love. I paused for a moment while my massive brain chose the proper word. Then I began:“Polly, I love you. You are the whole world to me, the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space. Please, my darling, say that you will go steady with me, for if you will not, life will be
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meaningless. I will languish. I will refuse my meals. I will wander the face of the earth, a shambling, hollow-eyed hulk.”“错误类比(False Analogy)，”
波利敏捷地说。“我可不是蛋糕，我是个女孩子。”我微微一笑，但这次不感到那么有意思了。这可爱的孩子功课或许是学得太好了。我决定 改变 策略。显然，最好的办法就是态度明朗，直接了当地向她表示爱。我沉默了一会儿，用我特别发达的脑袋挑选着合适的词句。然后我便开始说： “波利，我爱你。对我来说，你就是整个世界，是月亮，是星星，是整个宇宙。我亲爱的，请说你爱我吧。如果你不这样，我的生活就失去意义了。我将会萎靡不振，茶不饮，饭不思，到处游荡，成为一个步履蹒跚、双眼凹下的躯壳。
”There, I thought, folding my arms, that ought to do it.“Ad Misericordiam,” said Polly.I ground my teeth. I was not Pygmalion; I was Frankenstein, and my monster had me by the throat. Frantically I fought back the tide of panic surging through me; at all costs I had to keep cool.“Well, Polly,” I said, forcing a smile, “you certainly have learned your fallacies.”“You’re darn right,” she said with a vigorous nod.“And who taught them to you, Polly?”“You did.”“That’s right. So you do owe me something, don’t you, my dear? If I hadn’t come along you never would have learned about fallacies.”“Hypothesis Contrary to Fact,” she said instantly.
我交叉着双手站在那里，心想这下子可打动了她。 “文不对题(Ad misericordiam)，”波利说。 我咬咬牙。我不是皮格马利翁，我是弗兰肯斯坦，我的喉咙似乎一下子让魔鬼卡住了。我极力地控制涌上心头的阵阵痛楚。无论怎样，我电要保持冷静。 “好了，波利，”我强装着笑脸说，“这些谬误你的确已学到家了。” “这可说得很对，”她使劲地点了点头说道。 “可是波利，这一切是谁教给你的?” “你教的嘛。” “是的，那你得感谢我呀。
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是吗，亲爱的?要是我不和你在一起，你永远也不会学到这些谬误的”。 “与事实相反的假设(Hypothesis Contrary to Fact)，”波利不加思索地说着。
I dashed perspiration from my brow. “Polly,” I croaked, “you mustn’t take all these things so literally. I mean this is just classroom stuff. You know that the things you learn in school don’t have anything to do with life.”“Dicto
Simpliciter,” she said, wagging her finger at me playfully.That did it. I leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull. “Will you or will you not go steady with me?”“I will not,” she replied.“Why not?” I demanded.“Because this afternoon I promised Petey Bellows that I would go steady with him.”
我摔掉了额前的汗珠。“波利，”我用嘶哑的声音说道，“你不要死板地接受这些东西。我是说那只是课堂上讲的东西。你知道学校学的东西与现实生活毫不相关。” “绝对判断(Dicto Simpliciter)，”她说道，嬉戏地向我摇摇指头。 这一下可使我恼火了。我猛地跳了起来，像公牛似地吼叫着，“你到底想不想跟我相爱?” “我不想，”她答道。 “为什么不想?”我追问着。 因为今天下午我答应了皮蒂伯奇，我愿意和他相爱。
”I reeled back, overcome with the infamy of it. After he promised, after he made a deal, after he shook my hand! “The rat!” I shrieked, kicking up great chunks of turf. “You can’t go with him, Polly. He’s a liar. He’s a cheat. He’s a rat.”“Poisoning the Well ,” said Polly, “and stop shouting. I think shouting must be a fallacy too.”
我被皮蒂这一无耻的行径气得一阵晕眩，情不自禁地向后退去。皮蒂答应了我，跟我成了交，还跟我握了手呢!“这个可耻的家伙!”我尖着嗓子大叫，把一块块草皮踢了起来。
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“你不能跟他在一起，波利。他是一个说谎的人，一个骗子，一个可耻的家伙!” “井下放毒(Poisoning the Well )，”波利说。“别叫嚷了，我认为大声叫嚷就是一种谬误。”
With an immense effort of will, I modulated my voice. “All right,” I said. “You’re a logician. Let’s look at this thing logically. How could you choose Petey Bellows over me? Look at me—a brilliant student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. Look at Petey—a knothead, a jitterbug, a guy who’ll never know where his next meal is coming from. Can you give me one logical reason why you should go steady with Petey Bellows?”“I certainly can,” declared Polly. “He’s got a raccoon coat.”
我以极大的意志力把语气缓和下来。“好吧，”我说，“你是一个逻辑学家。那就让我们从逻辑上来分析这件事吧。你怎么会看得中皮蒂，而看不起我呢?你 瞧我 一个才华横溢的学生，一个了不起的知识分子，一个前途无量的人；而皮蒂——一个笨蛋，一个反复无常的人，一个吃了上顿不知有没有下顿的家伙。你能给我一个 合乎逻辑的理由来说明你为什么要跟皮蒂好吗?” “当然能，”波利肯定地说。“他有一件浣熊皮大衣。”
Loving and Hating New York
Thomas Griffith
1 Those ad campaigns celebrating the Big Apple, those T-shirts with a heart design proclaiming “I love New York,” are signs, pathetic in their desperation, of how the mighty has fallen. New York City used to leave the bragging to others, for bragging was “bush” Being unique, the biggest and the best, New York didn’t
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have to assert how special it was.
那些赞美\"大苹果\"的广告活动，还有那些印着带有\"我爱纽约\"字样的心形图案的T恤衫，只不过是它们在绝望中发出悲哀的迹象，只不过是纽约这个非凡的城市日趋衰落的象征。纽约过去从不自我炫耀，而只让别的城市去这样做，因为自我炫耀显得\"小家子气\"。纽约既然是独一无二的、最大的而且是最好的城市，也就没有必要宣称自己是如何与众不同了。
2 It isn’t the top anymore, at least if the top is measured by who begets the styles and sets the trends. Nowadays New York is out of phase with American taste as often as it is out of step with American politics. Once it was the nation’s undisputed fashion authority, but it too long resisted the incoming casual style and lost its monopoly. No longer so looked up to or copied, New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends, a place to escape Common Denominator Land.
然而，今日的纽约再不是头号城市了。至少，在开创时尚、领导潮流方面，纽约是再也配不_卜这个称号了。今日的纽约非但常常跟不上美国政治前进的步伐，而且往往也合不上美国人生活情趣变化的节拍。过去有一个时期，它曾是全国流行服装款式方面无可争议的权威，但由于长期抵制越来越流行的休闲服装款式而丧失了，其垄断地位。纽约已不再是众望所归、纷起仿效的对象了，如今它甚至以成为风行美国的时装潮流的抵制者，以成为摆脱全国清一色的单调局面的一隅逃遁之地而自鸣得意。
3 Its deficiencies as a pacesetter are more and more evident. A dozen other cities have buildings more inspired architecturally than any built in New York City
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in the past twenty years. The giant Manhattan television studios where
Toscanini’s NBC Symphony once played now sit empty most of the time, while sitcoms cloned and canned in Hollywood, and the Johnny Carson show live, preempt the airways from California. Tin Pan Alley has moved to Nashville and Hollywood. Vegas casinos routinely pay heavy sums to singers and entertainers whom no nightspot in Manhattan can afford to hire. In sports, the bigger
superdomes, the more exciting teams, the most enthusiastic fans, are often found elsewhere.
纽约无力保持排头兵的地位这一点已是越来越明显了。有十多座其他城市都已经有了一些在建筑艺术上很富有创造性的建筑物，而纽约最近二十年来所造的任何一幢建筑物都不能与之相比。曾是托斯卡尼尼全国广播公司交响乐团演出场所的巨人般的曼哈顿电视演播厅，现在经常是空无一人，而好莱坞大量生产出的情景喜剧和约翰尼·卡森节目的实况转播却占满了加利福尼亚的广播电视发送频道。美国流行歌曲创作发行中心从纽约的廷潘胡同转移到了纳什维尔和好莱坞。拉斯韦加斯的赌场经常出高薪聘请曼哈顿没有哪一家夜总会请得起的歌手和艺员。而体育运动方面，那些规模较大的体育馆、比较激动人心的球队以及热情最高的球迷们，往往都出现在纽约以外的地方。
4 New York was never a good convention city – being regarded as unfriendly, unsafe, overcrowded, and expensive – but it is making something of a comeback as a tourist attraction. Even so, most Americans would probably rate New Orleans, San Francisco, Washington, or Disneyland higher. A dozen other cities, including my hometown of Seattle, are widely considered better cities to live in.
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但现在它似乎正在一定程度上争回其作为旅游胜地的地位。即便如此，大多数美国人对新奥尔良、旧金山、华盛顿或迪斯尼乐园等地的评价可能还是高于纽约。人们普遍认为，还有十几座其他城市，包括我的家乡西雅图，都比纽约更适于居住。
5 Why, then, do many Europeans call New York their favorite city? They take more readily than do most Americans to its cosmopolitan complexities, its surviving, aloof, European standards, its alien mixtures. Perhaps some of these Europeans are reassured by the sight, on the twin fashion avenues of Madison and Fifth, of all those familiar international names – the jewelers, shoe stores, and designer shops that exist to flatter and bilk the frivolous rich. But no; what most excites Europeans is the city’s charged , nervous atmosphere, its vulgar dynamism .
那么，为什么有许多欧洲人称纽约是他们最喜爱的城市呢?他们比大多数美国人更欣赏纽约这个国际大都市的五彩缤纷的生活，它那残存的、独此一家的欧洲社会准则以及它那众多外来民族混杂而居的社会。这些欧洲人中有些人也许是因为在麦迪逊大街和第五大街这两条双胞胎似的繁华大街上看到那些熟悉的国际名牌商号--那些专为迎合并蒙骗那些轻浮浅薄的有钱人而存在的珠宝店、鞋店和服装设计店…而感到心头踏实。然而事实并非如此，最令欧洲人激动不已的是这个城市的那种精神饱满的紧张气氛和它那种野性的活力。
6 New York is about energy, contention, and striving. And since it contains its share of articulate losers, it is also about mockery, the put-down , the loser’s shrug (“whaddya gonna do?”). It is about constant battles for subway seats, for a cabdriver’s or a clerk’s or a waiter’s attention, for a foothold , a chance, a better address, a larger billing. To win in New York is to be uneasy; to lose is to live
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in jostling proximity to the frustrated majority.
纽约充满着活力、竞争和奋斗。同时，由于存在着一批能说会道的失意者，它也充满着嘲笑、轻侮和失意者的心灰意冷(\"你说该咋办?\")。它充满着无休无止的斗争一一为了地铁上的座位，为了引起一个的士司机、一个办事员或一个侍者的注意，为了有一个立足之地，为了一次成功的机会。为了一个较好的居住地方，为了让自己名字出现在一张大一点的海报上。在纽约，一个人若成功了，他会感到惶惶不安;如果失败了，他就得和那灰心丧气的大多数人一起苦熬岁月。
7 New York was never Mecca to me. And though I have lived there more than half my life, you won’t find me wearing an “I Love New York” T-shirt. But all in all, I can’, t think of many places in the world I’d rather li, ve. It’, s not easy to define why.
纽约从来都不是我心目中的麦加圣地。尽管我在那儿生活了大半辈子，你却休想看到我穿上一件印着\"我爱纽约\"的文化衫。但总的说来，我倒还想不出这世界上有多少个地方我更愿意去居住。至于为什么，就很难说得清。
8 Nature’s pleasures are much qualified in N, ew York, . You never see a star-filled sky; the city’s bright glow arrogantly obscures the heavens. Sunsets can be spectacular: oranges and reds tinting the sky over the Jersey meadows and gaudily reflected in a thousand windows on Manhattan’s jagged skyline. Nature constantly yields to man in New York: witness those fragile sidewalk trees gamely struggling against encroaching cement and petrol fumes. Central Park, which Frederick Law Olmsted designed as lungs for the city’s poor, is in places grassless
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and filled with trash, no longer pristine yet lively with the noise and vivacity of people, largely youths, blacks, and Puerto Ricans, enjoying themselves. On park benches sit older people, mostly white, looking displaced. It has become less a tranquil park than an untidy carnival.
在纽约所能欣赏到的自然美景非常有限。你从来看不到一片繁星点点的夜空，城里的万家灯火交相辉映使得天空黯然失色。唯有日落时分的景色尚可谓壮观:泽西市草地上的天空染上了一块块深浅不一的橙红色，在曼哈顿那些高高矮矮、大大小小的建筑物上的万千扇玻璃窗的反射下，更显得绚丽多彩。大自然对纽约人总是低头服输。只须看看人行道上那些脆弱的树木迎着四面进逼的水泥路面和阵阵袭来的石油烟气拚命挣扎的样子，就足以说明问题了。由弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德设计的纽约中央公园本应是城市贫民休养身体、呼吸新鲜空气的场所，但如今园内有些地方已寸草不生，垃圾遍地，无复当年的清新质朴之气，然而依旧人声嘈杂，生意盎然，许多人一一多数为年轻人、黑人和波多黎各人，仍在其间自得其乐。公园中的长条椅上则坐着一些上了年纪的人，其中以白人居多，看样子都是一些流离失所的人。这里已经不是什么静造的公园了，倒更像是一个乱哄哄的狂欢场所。
9 Not the glamour of the city, which never beckoned to me from a distance, but its opportunity – to practice the kind of journalism I wanted – drew me to New York. I wasn’t even sure how I’d measure up against others who had been more soundly educated at Ivy League schools, or whether I could compete against that tough local breed, those intellectual sons of immigrants, so highly motivated and single-minded, such as Alfred Kazin, who for diversion (for heaven’t sake!) played Bach’s Unaccompanied Partitas on the violin.
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吸引着我来到纽约的不是这个城市的魅力--它从没有在远方向我遥遥招手呼唤，而是它给我提供了一个从事我梦寐以求的新闻事业的机会。我当时甚至拿不准自己的能力如何能比得上那些在东北部一些名牌大学受过更好教育的人，又怎能竞争得过纽约那些意志坚强的本地人，那些才华横溢的移民子弟.他们是那样的目标明确，用心专一，比如那个艾尔弗雷德·卡津，他作为业余消遣(真是不可思议j)竞能用小提琴演奏巴赫的无伴奏组曲。
10 A testing of oneself, a fear of giving in to the most banal and marketable of one’s talents, still draws many of the young to New York. That and, as always, the company of others fleeing something constricting where they came from. Together these young share a freedom, a community of inexpensive amusements, a casual living, and some rough times. It can’t be the living conditions that appeal, for only fond memory will forgive the inconvenience, risk, and squalor. Commercial Broadway may be inaccessible to them, but there is off- Broadway, and then off-off-Broadway. If painters disdain Madison Avenue’s plush art galleries, Madison Avenue dealers set up shop in the grubby precincts of Soho. But the purity of a bohemian dedication can be exaggerated. The artistic young inhabit the same Greenwich Village and its fringes in which the experimentalists in the arts lived during the Depression, united by a world against them. But the present generation is enough of a subculture to be a source of profitable boutiques and coffeehouses. And it is not all that estranged.
今天仍有许多青年被吸引到纽约来，因为他们想考验一下自己，怕让自己的才能沦为极其平庸而易于上市的商品。除此之外，还有另外一些为逃避家乡某种束缚的年轻同伴，也总是被吸引到纽约来。这些青年们在一起共享自由，同处于一个消费低廉的娱乐区，一起过着自由自在的生活，也共同度过了一些艰难时刻。吸引他们的不可能是纽约的生活条
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件，因为只有不合实际的乐观回忆才会忘记他们在那儿的生活中所遇到的不便、危险和贫困。商业性的百老汇剧院可能不会向他们开门，但还有那些外百老汇剧院和外外百老汇剧院。倘若画家们对麦迪逊大街上那些奢侈豪华的画廊不屑一顾，那些画廊老板们便会在索荷区陋巷之内开设小分店。可是·也许是波希米亚式艺术献身的纯洁性被人渲染过甚，这些年轻艺术家们也住进了格林威治村及其外围地区。那是大萧条时期由于面对一个敌对的世界而团结在一起的一批艺术实验主义者住过的地方。但今天的这一代青年艺术家已经形成了一个显著的亚文化群，以至于他们成了一些精品时装和咖啡馆的赚钱对象。他们已不再是那么与世隔绝了。
11 Manhattan is an island cut off in most respects from mainland America, but in two areas it remains dominant. It is the banking and the communications headquarters for America. In both these roles it ratifies more than it creates. Wall Street will advance the millions to make a Hollywood movie only if convinced that a bestselling title or a star name will ensure its success. The networks’ news centers are here, and the largest book publishers, and the biggest magazines – and therefore the largest body of critics to appraise the films, the plays, the music, the books that others have created. New York is a judging town, and often invokes standards that the rest of the country deplores or ignores. A market for knowingness exists in New York that doesn’t exist for knowledge.
曼哈顿是一个在许多方面与美国大陆隔绝的孤岛，但在两个领域内它仍处于支配地位。它是美国金融和通讯的中枢。在这两个方面，它所起的审批作用大于其创造作用。华尔街只有在确信某种畅销书或是某位影星的大名准保一部影片的成功时才会为制作一部好莱坞影片投放百万巨资。美国广播电视网的新闻中心、最大的图书出版商和最大的期刊杂志都在这里，因而最庞大的一支评论家队伍也在这里，他们可以对别人创作出的电影、戏剧、
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音乐、图书和其他作品评头论足。纽约是一个裁判城市，经常炮制出一些全国其他地方的人不是为之感到遗憾就是完全不予理睬的规范标准。在纽约这地方真正的知识学问没有市场，狡黠伶俐却颇有市场。
12 The ad agencies are all here too, testing the markets and devising the catchy jingles that will move millions from McDonald’s to Burger king, so that the ad agency’s “creative director” can lunch instead in Manhattan’s
expense-account French restaurants. The bankers and the admen. The marketing specialists and a thousand well-paid ancillary service people, really set the city’s brittle tone— catering to a wide American public whose numbers must be respected but whose tastes do not have to shared. The condescending view from the fiftieth floor of the city’s crowds below cuts these people off from humanity. So does an attitude which sees the public only in terms of large, malleable numbers— as impersonally as does the clattering subway turnstile beneath the office towers.
商业广告公司也全集中在这里。这些广告公司窥测着市场动向，挖空心思地炮制出一些琅琅上口、易于记诵的广告词，把千千万万的顾客从\"麦克唐纳\"拉到\"伯格·金\"，因而广告公司的\"创作主任\"便可以坐在曼哈顿那些记帐报销的高级法国餐馆里吃午餐了。实际上，就是那些银行家、广告商、市场营销专家以及那数以千计的为他们工作的高薪雇员们为纽约这个城市定下了尖锐生硬的调子--对广大的美国公众要投其所好，对他们人数的多寡必须予以重视，但对他们的兴趣爱好却不必加以认同。从摩天大楼的五十层楼上屈尊俯就地光顾楼下的芸芸众生。这些富人们就会感觉到他们与这些芸芸众生仿佛不是同类;还有他们那种就像他们的办公高楼下面地铁入口处卡嗒作响的转门一样，丝毫不带任何感情地视广大人民群众如一大堆可以任意排列组合的数字的态度，也同样使他们产生不属于人类的感
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觉。
13 I am surprised by the lack of cynicism, particularly among the younger ones, of those who work in such fields. The television generation grew up in the insistent presence of hype, delights in much of it, and has no scruples about practicing it. Men and woman do their jobs professionally, and, like the pilots who from great heights bombed Hanoi, seem unmarked by it. They lead their real lives elsewhere, in the Village bars they are indistinguishable in dress or behavior from would-be artists, actors, and writers. The boundaries of “art for art’s sake” aren’t so rigid anymore; art itself is less sharply defined, and those whose paintings don’t sell do illustrations; those who can’ get acting jobs do commercials; those who are writing ambitious novels sustain themselves on the magazines. Besides, serious art often feeds in the popular these days, changing it with fond irony.
我对这些行业的从业人员，尤其是其中较为年轻的一些人那种缺乏愤世嫉俗情绪的态度感到惊讶。电视的一代是在强烈的广告刺激的环境中成长起来的一代。他们也很欣赏这种广告刺激，并且毫不犹豫地去亲身实践。许多男男女女都以职业性的态度对待自己的工作，就像那些从高空向河内投掷炸弹的飞行员一样，对于其工作本身的意义似乎毫不在意。他们真正的生活寄托在别的地方。在格林威治村的酒吧间里，他们的衣着打扮、言谈举止都与那些预备艺术家、演员和作家毫无二致。\"为艺术而艺术\"的界限已不再那么难以突破了，艺术本身的定义也不像以前那样明晰了。艺术家的画作卖不出去便转而画插图;演员找不到拍戏的机会就去拍广告;作家在创作鸿篇巨著的同时还得为通俗杂志撰文以维持生计。此外，这些年来严肃艺术往往要靠通俗艺术来提供养料，这倒使通俗艺术发生了一些可喜的讽刺性变化。
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14 In time the newcomers find or from their won worlds; Manhatten is many such words, huddled together but rarely interaction. I think this is what gives the city its sense of freedom. There are enough like you, whatever you are. And it isn’t as necessary to know anything about an apartment neighbor- or to worry about his judgment of you- as it is about someone with an adjoining yard. In New York, like seeks like, and by economy of effort excludes the rest as stranger. This distancing, this uncaring in ordinary encounters, has another side: in no other American city can the lonely be as lonely.
15 So much more needs to be said. New Your is a wounded city, declining in its amenities . Overloaded by its tax burdens. But it is not dying city; the streets are safer than they were five years age; Broadway, which seemed to be succumbing to the tawdriness of its environment, is astir again.
14 那些初来纽约的人早晚有一天会找到或形成他们自己的小圈子。曼哈顿有许多这类小圈子，密密麻麻地挤在一起，但彼此之间却极少往来。我想正是这种情况给纽约一种自由感。不管你属于哪类人，与你同样的人都多的是。对于同住一座公寓的邻居，你不必去了解他的任何情况，也不必在意他对你的看法如何，只有住在乡下的屋院相连的邻居才有此必要。在纽约，人以群分，人们对于自己圈子以外的人一律视同路人，以免浪费精力。人们在日常交往中的这种保持距离、冷漠无情的态度还有一种影响:那些有孤独感的人在纽约比在其他任何美国城市都更觉孤独。
15 要说的情况还有很多。总之，纽约是一个受了创伤的城市，它重税压身，不堪负担，好景不再，江河日下。但纽约并不是一个就要死的城市;与五年前相比较，如今纽约的街道更安全了，曾一度似乎是在繁华旖旎的环境包围之下一蹶不振的百老汇大街如今又呈
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现出勃勃的生机。
16 The trash-strewn streets, the unruly schools, the uneasy feeling or menace, the noise, the brusqueness- all confirm outsiders in their conviction that they wouldn’t live here if you gave them the place. Yet show a New Yorker a splendid home in Dallas, or a swimming pool and cabana in Beverly Hills, and he will be admiring but not envious. So much of well-to-do America now lives antiseptically in enclaves, tranquil and luxurious, that shut out the world. Too static, the New Yorker would say. Tell him about the vigor of your outdoor pleasures; he prefers the unhealthy hassle and the vitality of urban life. He is hopelessly provincial. To him New York- despite its faults, which her will impatiently concede (“so what else is new?”) — is the spoiler of all other American cities.
街道上布满垃圾，学校里毫无秩序，市民们个个惶惶不安，到处噪声不绝于耳，人人讲话粗声大气--这一切都会使局外人更加坚定决心:就算把纽约送给他们，他们也不愿意在这里居住。然而，你如果让一个纽约人去看达拉斯市的一所富丽堂皇的住宅，或是贝弗利希尔斯市的一个带小屋的游泳池，他一定会表示赞赏，但却不会眼红。现在有许多美国有钱人在安静、豪华、与世隔绝的小天地里过着世外桃源式的生活。纽约人会说，这太沉闷了。可是，你如果对他讲起户外游山玩水的劲头，他又会说他更欣赏都市生活那种虽有害于健康但却热热闹闹的活泼气氛。他有着无可改变的乡土观念。对他来说，纽约--就算连他自己也无可奈何地承认有一些缺点(\"还有什么新的吗?\")--使他对所有其他美国城市都不屑一顾。
17 It is possible in twenty other American cities to visit first-rate art museums, to hear good music and see lively experimental theater, to meet intelligent and
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sophisticated people who know how to live, dine, and talk well; and to enjoy all this in congenial and spacious surroundings. The New Yorkers still wouldn’t want to live there.
18 What he would find missing is what many outsiders find oppressive and distasteful about New York – its rawness, tension, urgency; its bracing competitiveness; the rigor of its judgments; and the congested, democratic presence of so many other New Yorkers, encased in their own worlds, the defeated are not hidden away somewhere else on the wrong side of town. In the subways, in the buses, in the streets, it is impossible to avoid people whose lives are harder than yours. With the desperate, the ill, the fatigued, the overwhelmed, one learns not to strike up conversation (which isn’t wanted ) but to make brief, sympathetic eye contact, to include them in the human race. It isn’t much, but it is the fleeting hospitality of New Yorkers, each jealous of his privacy in the crowd. Ever
helpfulness is often delivered as a taunt: a man, rushing the traffic light, shouts the man behind him. “ You want to be wearing a Buick with Jersey plates?” — great scorn in the word Jersey, home of drivers who don’t belong here.
人们有可能在二十个其他的美国城市里参观到第一流的艺术博物馆，听到美妙的音乐，看到生动活泼的实验戏剧，遇到懂得怎样生活、吃饭和谈话，而且是在舒适宽敞的环境中去享受这一切聪明而又世故的人物。然而，纽约人还是不愿意居住在那里。他所恋恋不舍的正是纽约的那些在许多外地人看来难以忍受、令人讨厌的地方…它的粗俗、紧张、急迫感，它那剑拔弩张的竞争，它那严厉苛刻的评判，以及那么多封闭在各自的小圈子里、不分尊卑贵贱地挤作一团的纽约人。那些在竞争中吃了败仗的人并非躲在城里某个看不见的地方。在地铁里，在公共汽车上，在大街上，到处都会不可避免地遇见一些生活过得比你
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艰难的人。对于那些悲观绝望、疾病缠身、精疲力竭、不知所措的人，最好不要与之交谈(他们并不希望交谈).只需用同情的目光稍稍接触一下，表示把他们视同人类就行了。这虽没什么了不起，但对于最忌在大庭广众之中暴露隐私的纽约人来说，这就是他们那种一闪即逝的友好表示。即使是一种帮助，纽约人往往也要用嘲骂来表示:一个人闯红灯，冲到一辆开过来的汽车前，他身后的那个人便会大声喊叫:\"当心点，老弟，你难道想让一辆带着泽西牌照的汽车撞倒吗?\"--\"泽西\"一词具有很强的讽刺意味，指的是所有的外地司机的家乡。
19 By Adolf Hitler’s definition, New York is mongrel city. It is in fact the first truly international metropolis. No other great city- not London, Paris, Rome or Tokyo- plays host (or hostage) to so many nationalities. The mix is much wider- Asians, Africans, Latins - that when that tumultuous variety of European crowded ashore at Ellis Island. The newcomers are never fully absorbed, but are added precariously to the undigested many.
按照阿道夫希特勒的定义，纽约是一个杂种城市。事实上，它是第一个真正的国际大都市。没有别的大城市--无论是伦敦、巴黎、罗马还是东京--能接纳(或是收容)这么多的民族。现在比当时各种各样的欧洲人吵吵嚷嚷登上埃利斯岛的时候更为混杂一一又有了亚洲人、非洲人和拉丁系人。新来者永远不会被完全同化。只是不稳定地加入到未被消化的多数中去。
20 New York is too big to be dominated by any group, by Wasps or Jews or blacks, or by Catholics of many origins — Irish, Italian, Hispanic. All have their little sovereignties, all are sizable enough to be reckoned with and tough in asserting their claims, but none is powerful enough to subdue the others. Characteristically, the city swallows up the United Nations and refuses to take it seriously, regarding
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it as an unworkable mixture of the idealistic, the impractical, and the hypocritical. But New Yorkers themselves are in training in how to live together in a diversity of races- the necessary initiation into the future.
纽约太大了，无法为任何一个集团所控制，不论是盎格鲁撤克逊新教的白人还是犹太人、黑人或来源不同的天主教徒--爱尔兰人、意大利人、西班牙血统的人。所有这些集团都有他们小小的天地，人数相当多，不容忽视;在维护他们的要求方面都很坚韧，但没有一个强大到足以制服其他集团。这个城市很典型地把联合国加以吞没，不把它当一回事，把它看作一个空想、不切实际、虚伪、无法运转的混合体。但是纽约人却在训练自己如何在一个多民族的社会里共同生活--这是迈向未来必要的开端。
21 The diversity gives endless color to the city, so that walking in it is constant education in sights and smells. There is wonderful variety of places to eat or shop, and though the most successful of such places are likely to touristy hybrid compromises, they too have genuine roots. Other American cities have ethnic turfs jealously defended, but not, I think, such an admixture of groups, thrown together in such jarring juxtapositions . In the same way, avenues of high-rise luxury in New York are never far from poverty and mean streets. The sadness and fortitude of New York must be celebrated, along with its treasures of art and music. The combination is unstable; it produces friction, or an uneasy forbearance that sometimes becomes a real toleration.
多样化使这个城市色彩无穷。漫步此城，可以不断受到情景与风味方面的教育。有众多的各有特色的地方可以去吃饭或购买物品。虽然其中最成功的似乎是那些为招引游客而把各种:民族特色混在一起的地方，但是他们也都有真正的根基。在其他的美国城市，不同
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的民族各有自己的地盘，并小心翼翼地加以保护，但是我认为那里没有这种不和谐地把不同的集团搁在一起的大杂烩。f司样地，在纽约拥有多层高楼的豪华大街与它近邻的穷街陋巷相映成趣。对纽约的忧伤和刚毅要与其艺术和音乐的财富一起加以赞美。这种结合是不稳定的，它产生摩擦或是一种不稳定的克制。这种克制有时变成一种真正的容忍。
22 Loving and hating New York becomes a matter of alternating moods, often in the same day. The place constantly exasperates , at times exhilarates . To me it is the city of unavoidable experience. Living there, one has the reassurance of steadily confronting life.
对纽约的爱与恨成了一个不断交替变化着的情绪问题。这种情绪的变化常常发生在同一天。这个地方经常使人恼怒，有时也让人振奋。对我来说，这是一个取得不可或缺的经验的城市。住在这儿，人们可以放心，一定能持续地面向生活。
(选自《大西洋》，1978年9月)
the ones who walk away from Omela
They all know it is there, all the people of Omelas. Some of them have come to see it, others are content merely to know it is there. They all know that it has to be there. Some of them understand why, and some do not, but they all understand that their happiness, the beauty of their city, the tenderness of their friendships, the health of their children, the wisdom of their scholars, the skill of their makers, even the abundance of their harvest and the kindly weathers of their skies, depend wholly on this child‟s abominable misery. 所有的奥米勒斯人都知道他(她)在那儿。有
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些人还去看过他(她)还有些人则觉得没必要亲自去看，知道他(她)在那儿就够了。大家都明白他(她)必须呆在那儿。至于他(她)为什么必须呆在那儿，这原因就只有一部分才明白，有些人并不知晓。但所有的人都清楚一个道理:他们的幸福生活，他们城市的美景，他们之间的亲爱和睦的关系，他们的孩子的健康成长，他们的学者们的智慧，他们的工人的技艺，甚至连他们那片天地里的风调雨顺、五谷丰登的繁荣景象，这一切全都有赖于那孩子所受的苦难。This is usually explained to children when they are between eight and twelve, whenever they seem capable of understanding; and most of those who come to see the child are young people, though often enough an adult comes, or comes back to see the child. No matter how well the matter has been explained to them, these young spectators are always shocked and sickened at the sight. They feel disgust, which they had thought themselves superior to. They feel anger, outrage, impotence, despite all the explanations. They would like to do something for the child. But there is nothing they can do. If the child were brought up into the sunlight out of that vile place, if it were cleaned and fed and comforted, that would be a good thing indeed; but if it were done, in that day and hour all the prosperity and beauty and delight of Omelas would wither and be destroyed. Those are the terms. To exchange all the goodness and grace of every life in Omelas for that single, small improvement: to throw away the happiness of thousands for the chance of the happiness of one: that would be to let guilt within the walls indeed.The terms are strict and absolute; there may not even be a kind word spoken to the child. 奥米勒斯人等他们的孩子长到八至十二岁，能懂事明理的时候便把这一道理讲给他们听。去地窖里看那孩子的多半是青年人，不过还有一个成年人更经常去看那孩子。不管大人们把这事对那些青年人怎么解释，这些青年看到那孩子的悲惨情状都不禁大为震惊并感到恶心。他们感到厌恶，这是他们原来所没有料到的。尽管他们听了许多的解释，他们还是感到气愤、愤怒但又无能为力。他们本想为那孩子做点什么的，但却
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什么也不能做。假若能把那孩子弄出那个悲惨的地方，让他(她)重见天日，假若能把他(她)洗得干干净净，将他(她)喂得饱饱的，并让他(她)有个舒舒服服的睡觉的地方，那无疑是一件很好的事情。但只要那样做了，奥米勒斯的一切，包括她的繁荣气象、美丽景色和欢乐生活等都会立刻化为乌有。这是条约上有明文规定的。为了做那一件微不足道的善事而牺牲善良的奥米勒斯全体众生，为了给一个人创造幸福的机会而破坏千万人的幸福，那无疑是将罪恶引进奥米勒斯城。条约上的规定极其严格，没有半点变通的余地。就连对那孩子讲一句仁慈友善的话都在被禁止之列Often the young people go home in tears, or in a tearless rage, when they have seen the child and faced this terrible paradox. They may brood over it for weeks or years. But as time goes on they begin to realize that even if the child could be released, it would not get much good of its freedom: a little vague pleasure of warmth and food, no doubt, but little more. It is too degraded and imbecile to know any real joy. It has been afraid too long ever to be free of fear. Its habits are too uncouth for it to respond to humane treatment. Indeed, after so long it would probably be wretched without walls about it to protect it, and darkness for its eyes, and its own excrement to sit in. Their tears at the bitter injustice dry when they begin to perceive the terrible justice of reality, and to accept it. Yet it is their tears and anger, the trying of their generosity and the acceptance of their helplessness, which are perhaps the true source of the splendor of their lives. Theirs is no vapid, irresponsible happiness. They know that they, like the child, are not free. They know compassion. It is the existence of the child, and their knowledge of its existence, that makes possible the nobility of their architecture, the poignancy of their music, the profundity of their science. It is because of the child that they are so gentle with children. They know that if the wretched one were not there sniveling in the dark, the other one, the flute-player, could make no joyful music as the young riders line up in their beauty for the race
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in the sunlight of the first morning of summer.Now do you believe in them? Are they not more credible? But there is one more thing to tell, and this is quite incredible. 当那些青年去看了那个孩子，面对那种痛苦的矛盾处境后再回到家里时，他们往往会痛哭流涕，或是悲愤难抑。他们可能要为此悲伤若干个星期，甚至若干年。但随着时间的推移，他们会渐渐认识到，即使那孩子获得释放，他(她)也不会感受到自由的好处。当然，他(她)可能因为温饱问题得到解决而感受到一点模模糊糊的愉悦，再不会有多少别的好处了。他(她)太低能了，他(她)太愚笨了。甚至真正的欢乐也不能体味到。他(她)担惊受怕的时日太久，再也不可能摆脱恐惧了。他(她)缺乏教养，性情也很朴拙，即使再对他(她)施以人道的待遇，他(她)也会无动于衷。说实在的，他(她)对那种生活已经习以为常了，若是将他(她)放出来，失去了牢笼的保护，失去了他(她)的眼睛所习惯的黑暗，再也不能坐在自己的屎尿上，他(她)倒可能觉得难受。当那些青年人开始认识到现实的这种悲哀的公正性后，他们因看到那孩子的悲惨遭遇而悲伤的泪水便自动地干了。然而，正因为他们在自己的仁义之心经受考验时悲伤流泪，无可奈何地接受现实时悲愤难抑，他们的生活才如此光辉灿烂。他们的幸福并不是一种平淡无奇的、不带义务和条件的幸福。他们完全明白，他们自己其实也像那孩子一样没有自由。他们懂得怜悯。正是因为有了那孩子的存在以及他们对这一事实的认识，他们的建筑才有可能如此的雄伟壮观，他们的音乐才有可能如此的震撼人心，他们的科学才有可能如此的高明玄妙。他们对一般儿童也那样温和，也正是因为那孩子的关系。他们懂得，假如没有那个可怜的孩子在黑暗的地窖中悲泣，那另一个孩子，即那个吹木笛的孩子，就不可能在那些青年骑手骑着美丽的骏马迎着第一个夏日列队等候赛马开始时吹奏出那样欢快的乐曲来。 现在你相信我描述的这一切了吗?它们的可信度是否增加了一些?不过，我还有一件事情要讲，这件事情却是真有点令人难以置信At times one of the adolescent girls or boys who go to see the child does not go home to weep or rage, does not, in fact, go home at all. Sometimes also a man or woman much older falls silent for a day or two, and then leaves home. These people go out into the street, and walk down the street alone. They keep walking,
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and walk straight out of the city of Omelas, through the beautiful gates. They keep walking across the farmlands of Omelas. Each one goes alone, youth or girl, man or woman. Night falls; the traveler must pass down village streets, between the houses with yellow-lit windows, and on out into the darkness of the fields. Each alone, they go west or north, towards the mountains. They go on. They leave Omelas, they walk ahead into the darkness, and they do not come back. The place they go towards is a place even less imaginable to most of us than the city of happiness. I cannot describe it at all. It is possible that it does not exist. But they seem to know where they are going, the ones who walk away from Omelas. 有的时候，某个青年男女去看了那孩子之后并不回家痛苦流涕或是震怒发狂，事实上，他或她根本就不回家。也有的时候，某个年纪大得多的成年男女去看了那孩子之后会沉默一两天，然后便离家出走。这些人走到街上，独个儿一路走去。他们一直往前走，穿过漂亮的城门径直走出奥米勒斯城。出城之后，他们穿越奥米勒斯的田野继续向前走。每个人，无论是男青年还是女青年，无论是成年男子还是成年女子，都是一人独行。夜幕降临了，他们还得沿着村镇的街道，穿过街道两边窗户亮着萤光的房屋，继续往前走，走进一片黑暗的旷野之中。每个人都是单独地向西或向北，朝深山里走去。他们一直向前走。他们离开奥米勒斯城，头也不回地向黑暗中走去。他们要去的地方是一个对我们大多数人来说比奥米勒斯城更难想象的地方。我根本无法描述那个地方。也许根本就不存在那样一个地方。但那些离开奥米勒斯城的人似乎知道他们要去的是一个什么样的地方。
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