新时代交互英语3教案

Chapter One A Campus of Reading

Teaching objectives

1. Understand the main ideas of reading 1 and reading 2;

2. Appreciate the various techniques employed by the writer, techniques for writing and translation;

3. Master the key language points and grammatical structures in the texts; 4. Master some basic knowledge about reading and reading skills. 5. Master some writing and translation skills.

Reading 1

Reading for Pleasure Versus Reading for Learning

Before reading

I．Background information

1. Many individuals have devoted their knowledge, time, and talents to the study of how and where memory processes occur in the brain. These famous persons include Ivan Pavlov (伊万· 巴甫洛夫), Karl Lashley (卡尔· 莱士利) , Donald Hebb (唐纳德·赫布) , and William James (威廉·詹姆斯).

2. Studies by William James proved the existence of at least two types of memory: primary memory (初级记忆 ), (short-term memory) and secondary memory (次级记忆 )(long-term memory or permanent memories). 3. Forgetting Curve 4. Reading skills

II． Five types of reading

Scanning: Scanning is a reading strategy in which you actively look through material to locate specific information.

Skimming :Skimming is a reading strategy that is useful to get a general idea of what a selection is about.

Light reading: Reading for leisure tends to be 'light‘. Read at a pace which feels comfortable.

Word by word reading

Reading to study type of reading

While reading

I. Outline of the text

Part 1 There are techniques to improve your reading abilities so that you can better handle subjects at the level of high education.

Part 2 There are two types of reading (reading for pleasure versus for learning). Part 3 The college students should do the repeated reading to feed their long-term memory.

Part 4 Students should treat their textbooks carefully. II. Language study

1. Reading for Pleasure Versus Reading for Learning

versus: (Latin) (in law and sport; often shortened to v. or vs. in print) against Evolution versus creationism was the topic on CNN last week. 2. Maybe you already think you read pretty well.

Pretty can be an adverb, or an adjective. In pairs, work out what it means in each sentence.

1).It’s pretty clear that speeding can be dangerous. 2).What a pretty garden!

3). From this TV programme, we have learnt pretty well about Japanese cuisine. 4). If you get that job, you’ll be sitting pretty.

5). This is a pretty state of affairs! We’ve got to do something about it. 6). That must have cost you a pretty penny.

Answers: (fairly, attractive, almost, comfortable, bad, expensive) 3. Reading is principally of two types—for pleasure and for learning. principally: chiefly; mostly

Although he’s a lawyer, he’s principally employed in controlling a large business. cf. principle

They agreed to the plan in principle (= regarding the main idea), but there are several details they didn't’t like.

4. This is the kind of material that appears in many novels, magazines, and newspapers.

Have you read the following famous English novels?

A Tale of Two Cities Jane Eyre Wuthering Heights Pride and Prejudice Tess of the D’Urbervilles Robinson Crusoe The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Scarlet Letter Lady Chatterley’s Lover Around the World In 80 Days Ulysses

5. …because you have to understand it and perhaps retain it. retain: to keep possession of; avoid losing This village still retains its old-world character. retain a sense of dignity

sustain: to keep strong; to keep in existence sustain a family contain one’s feeling maintain one’s interest

6. You mean there is no way I can just read stuff once and get it the first time? 1). no way: used to show strong refusal or opposition There is no way to get him to change his opinion.

2).Recovery efforts are under way in the aftermath of Hurricane, which battered a region of the US.

3).by way of: via; using a route through

You can go to London by way of Frankfurt.

4).This guide will teach you how to ask questions in a way that is likely to get you a satisfactory answer.

5). He refuses to give way on this new plan.

6). I could not get through the gate because your car is in the way. 7).Where there is a will there is a way.

7. …memorize the code to a bicycle or locker combination with just one glance. glance at/ over/ through/ round : take a quick look 1). She glanced at him from behind her fan.

2). You will know the contents of the book at a glance.

3). At first glance it is an unremarkable piece of equipment.

8. The retention of information drops rapidly in the first 24 hours after you’ve been exposed to it.

A review of current literature and practice suggests five promising alternatives to the practices of social retention and promotion.

expose (to): v. to uncover, leave without protection

1). A resource center has been established for children exposed to violence to seek training, technical assistance and consultation. 2). Keep indoors and don’t expose your skin to the sun.

9. Some students might try to make these acts an argument for cramming—holding off until… cram:

1). to force into a small space, stuff

College students have always been great at cramming tiny dorm rooms with as much tension-relieving entertainment equipment as they can.

2). to prepare oneself for an examination by studying very hard and quickly （为考试）而死记硬背，临时准备应考

He doesn’t work hard at other times, but will cram for the test late at night. hold off:

1). to cause to remain at a distance

We managed to hold off the enemy’s attack. 2). to delay

The employees are not allowed to hold off for one minute. hold on: stand firm when there is difficulty

How much longer do they think we can hold on? hold on to: not give up the ownership of

What you need to do is to hold on to your humanity.

10. They test you not just on the new material you’re supposed to have learned

since the last exam. be supposed to:

1). to have a duty or responsibility to do something

We’re supposed to take off our shoes here and shouldn’t talk loudly in temples.

2). to be intended to

Selling phones from foreign manufacturers was supposed to give them a boost, and that didn’t work out either.

The law is supposed to help the poor.

11. If you opt for cramming, this puts you in the position of… opt for: choose; decide on

There is a higher risk of breast cancer recurrence among women who opt for breast-sparing surgery.

opt out of: chose to take no part in He opted out of science courses.

12. …that half or more of your study time will be devoted to such books. 1). devote oneself/sth to: give up (oneself, one’s time, energy, etc) to

This is a quiet place in cyberspace devoted to religious tolerance and scholarship.

2). devoted: adj. very loving or loyal She is very devoted to her children.

13. …if your job required you, say, to tear down and… say: suppose; estimate

You may learn to play the violin in, let’s say, three years.

14. With that in mind, here are a few tips for extracting some benefits from your textbooks.

extract: take or get out; select and present words, examples, passages, etc. from a book, speech, etc.

1). The package provides the means to extract specific content from a source document.

2). The oil is extracted from the seeds of certain plants.

15. In you have any doubts about a course you’re contemplating taking, take a look…

contemplate: to think about deeply and thoughtfully

1). Local business owners contemplate the impact of a future Wal-Mart store. 2). The doctor contemplated the difficult operation he had to perform.

16. Whether it is too advanced or too low-level in the light of your previous experience.

in the light of: according to; considering

The maid did everything in the light of the instruction of the owner. throw/shed (a) new light on sth: make sth clearer These facts shed a new light on the matter.

come/ bring sth to light: become/cause sth to be visible or known Much new evidence has come to light/has been brought to light. 17. In my first couple of semesters as a first-year student… semester: US term: GB

In the US, a school year/scholastic year/academic year is usually divided into two, three or four terms. One of the two terms is called a semester;one of the three terms is called a trimester; one of the four terms is called a quarter. Master the following terms related to school

class timetable/schedule selective/elective/optional course prerequisite/required/compulsory course score/points/marks/grades credit（points） degree

assignments

subject/curriculum scholarship/grants tuition

open/close book exam student record card admissions office letter of acceptance school/faculty

handout （上课老师发的）印刷品 presentation 针对某一专题进行的发言

project 需要学生进行独立钻研的课外话题/论文 paper/thesis/dissertation 论文／博士论文／硕士论文 essay 短论文 secondary school grammar school

elementary/primary school

seminar（大学）研究班、讨论 symposium座谈会、专题讨论会

18. I would dawdle as long as a week or 10 days… dawdle

(informal) to waste time; hang about; move or do something slowly

What is important is to be firm in your determination – not to dawdle on the road towards a fully developed democracy.

19. The school term flies by awfully fast, and I lost the advantage of ahead start. awfully: adv. extremely, very You look awfully familiar to me. advantage

1). have/gain/win an advantage (over)/give sb an advantage over

The university education gave him an advantage over boys who had not been to a university.

2). take advantage of sb

He lost his girl friend because he usually took advantage of her. 3). take (full) advantage of sth

He always takes full advantage of the mistakes made by his rival. 4). take sth to advantage

He took every penny he earned to advantage.

Reading Two

Ten Tips for Reading College Textbooks

Before Reading

1. When reading your text or other assigned material, you should watch for words that will give you clues as to the importance of the information that precedes or follows. List as many signal words as possible according to the examples.

1). Suggest an important addition to a main idea — 2). Suggest causal relationships between ideas —

3). Suggest a new and different idea about what has already been stated — 4). Suggest a number or series of ideas —

5). Suggest important information will follow —

6). Suggest an alternate way of presenting an idea that may be easier to understand —

7). Suggest the highlights of the ideas presented in a brief format — Suggested answers

1). also, in addition, furthermore

2). accordingly, therefore, if–then, as a result

3). conversely, although, in contrast to, on the other hand 4). first, second …, next, finally, the six steps

5). most significant, more importantly, above all, remember 6). in essence, in other words, that is, it really means 7). in summary, to close, in a nutshell, in conclusion

While-reading

I. Outline of the text

Part 1 What you should do before you read. (Para.1—Para. 5) Part 2 What you should do as you read. (Para.6—Para. 8)

Part 3 What you should do after you read. (Para.9—Para. 10) II. Language study

1. Dividing the chapter into …segments increases your comprehension and actually decreases the time… segment: division or section

The story is presented in four segments and has been edited for length. 2. List your reading assignment on a “To Do” list. list price （标价）

the free list 海关免税品目录；免费入场观众名单

3. Space your reading .

space sth (out): set out with regular spaces between; spread 隔开；留间隔 space out the posts three feet apart space out payments over five years

4. Be sure you use some type of strategy… be/ feel sure (about sth)

I think the answer’s right, but I’m not sure (about it). be/feel sure of sth/that

Can you be sure of his honesty? to be sure

She’s not pretty, to be sure, but she’s very intelligent. make sure that/of sth

There aren't many seats left for this concert; you’d better make sure of one /make sure that you get one today. be sure to

Be sure to write and give me all the news.

5. Highlight, underline, or take notes at the end of each section. highlight:

1). v. give prominence or emphasis to

This is a simple tool that allows you to highlight all instances of a word. 2). n. most conspicuous or prominent part

The highlight of their holiday is to visit the beautiful island. 6. Monitor your comprehension.

monitor: make continuous observation of (sth)

The independent, non-partisan organization in Hong Kong is established to monitor human rights.

7. Stop to check our understanding of the material at regular intervals. at intervals: 不时， 每隔一段时间/距离

1). We will send emails or news letters to our clients(customers) automatically at regular intervals. 2). They plant trees at intervals of one meter.

8…to do a mental or verbal check of your understanding. 1). of or in words

He writes a fascinating article that explains the techniques and science behind verbal self-defense. 2). oral

Students are required to make an verbal statement of their ideas about the given topic. 3). word for word

I don’t need your verbal translation.

9. Develop a recall column in your notebook or summarize…

recall n. & v. ability to remember

1). With the information in newspaper articles, he knows the recall process now.

2). bring back into the mind

I can recognize him but can’t recall his name. 10. Prompt your memory. prompt:

1). v. urge, arouse

He was prompted by his brother’s example and began to study hard. 2). a. quick, rapid

Part of his success is attributed to his prompt assistant.

After reading

Exercise

Can you translate the following idioms into Chinese?

1) A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 2) By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 3) Choose an author as you choose a friend.

4) Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 5)There is no royal road to learning. Answers

1.一本好书，相伴一生。

2.读书使人充实，交谈使人精明。 3.择书如择友。

4.世上无难事，只怕有心人。

5.书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟。

Chapter Two The Road Ahead

Teaching Objectives

1. Understand the main ideas of reading 1 and reading 2;

2. Appreciate the various techniques employed by the writer, techniques for writing and translation;

3. Master the key language points and grammatical structures in the texts; 4. Learn to identify a writer’s audience and purpose;

5. Pay attention to how an author uses figurative language; 6. Master some translation skills.

Before Reading

I. Background Information

Cyberspace (赛伯空间)—Term originated by author William Gibson (威廉·吉布森) in his novel Neuromancer(《神经漫游者》) in 1984. The word Cyberspace is currently used to describe the whole range of information resources available through computer networks.

II. Warm-up Activity

Answer the following questions.

1) Do you like traveling? Give some tips to people who usually travel. 2) Do you often surf the internet? What do you mainly use it for?

3) If one of your friend is indulged in computer games, what suggestion can

you give him?

While-reading I. Text Analysis

Outline of reading 1

Part 1. Introduction to traveling on the Internet. (Para.1)

Part 2. Common sense and knowledge are your best travel companions.

(Para.2-14)

1) Getting the most from your travel. (Para.2-3)

2) Information—the currency of Cyberspace. (Para.4-6)

3) Maintaining privacy when you travel on the internet. (Para.7-9) 4) Travel insurance for Cyberspace. (Para.10-14) Part 3. Cyber speak—learning the language.

II. Language study

1. Site Seeing on the Internet

site seeing: going about to see places, etc. site seer: person who goes to see the sights

Monuments and sight seeing attractions in Egypt include temples, tombs, museums, churches and mosques. 2. The Savvy Traveler

savvy: vi. (sl) know, understand n. (sl) wits; understanding

The principles underlying these tips are similar to those principles a savvy consumer would use for any product. no savvy: I don’t know/understand.

3. Millions of people are traveling the Internet (aka Cyberspace).

aka: short for “also known as”

I also contribute some of my time to private equity investment, aka venture capital.(风险投资) more examples:

ASAP = as soon as possible diy = do it yourself

vip = very important person faq = frequently asked questions nb = very important btw = by the way

4. As getting online gets easier and more affordable, even more will venture into Cyberspace.

affordable: adj. that can be afforded

afford v. often used with “can, could, be able to” 1). to have the financial means for

Although he has worked as a truck driver all his life, he couldn’t afford an apartment.

2). to be able to do or bear without disadvantage or risk to oneself I can’t afford three weeks away from work. Can you give more words ending with -able? Venture v

1). dare to go (somewhere dangerous or unpleasant)

I have started venturing into areas that were battlegrounds between militants attacking the settlements and Israeli troops defending them. 2). take the risk of losing or failing in sth. venture her entire fortune

5. But traveling anywhere entails real risks and rewards.

entail (on): make necessary; impose (expense, etc on sb) Such a large investment inevitably entails some risk. 6. There is so much to do and see in Cyberspace that chances are your Internet service provider (ISP) offers …

(the) chances are/were (that): It is/was possible/likely that… Chances are you'll find me somewhere on your road tonight. Chances are that they have already arrived there in time.

7. it will keep your charges under control if you pay for your online service by the hour.

be/come/bring/get/keep under control

They have kept the flood waters under control after several days efforts. be/get out of control lose control (of)

8. When you enter a website, look for a privacy policy that answers your questions about accuracy, access, security,and…

access n. & v.

n. 1) means of approaching, entering, exiting or making use of passage The only access to that ancient castle is along a muddy track.

2) access to: right, opportunity or means of reaching, using or approaching Students must have access to good books. vt. to obtain access to(data or processes)

This program makes it considerably easier to access files on another disk. 9. Marketers, in particular, want to know…as you are willing to reveal. reveal (to):

1) allow or cause to be seen; display His worn jacket revealed his elbows. 2) make known

The doctor did not reveal to him his hopeless condition.

10. If you linger over a product or a subject that interests you, it will be noted.

linger over/on: be late or slow in going away; stay at or near a place Questions linger over the cancellation of the negotiation. a lingering look

a few lingering doubts

11. …you may see ads on the site that look as if they’ve been tailored for you.

tailor:

1) n. maker of garments

The beauty of being a good tailor is that you should never be without work. tailor-made: adj. made by a tailor, with special attention to exact fit; (fig) appropriate, well-suited

Women may wear tailored shirts or blouses to work or for casual wear. 2) v. cut out and sew; adapt well-tailored suit

tailored for a special purpose

To improve weight loss and maintenance among two high-risk groups—poor women and African American women— programs should be both affordable and tailored to the individual.

12. It’s difficult to be anonymous once you’ve ventured into Cyberspace.

anonymous: without a name, or with a name that is not made known

Anonymous publishing has been recognized in the United States as being protected by the First Amendment.

13. Expect to receive unsolicited advertising e-mail, even personalized ads….

solicit sb (for) sth: ask (for) earnestly; make requests (for) The tradesmen are all soliciting us for our custom. unsolicited: not looked for or requested; unsought

1). Every day, millions of people receive dozens of unsolicited commercial e-mails (UCE), known popularly as \"spam.\"

2). Regardless of its similarity to all forms of unsolicited mass communication, spamming is now regarded as a social problem. 14. If it looks questionable, delete it.

delete: to remove by striking out or canceling

The author deleted some unnecessary words in the first draft.

15. As anywhere, Cyberspace has its share of “snoopers” and conmen. 1) part

Please let me take a share in the expenses. You must take your share of the blame. 2) 股份，股

She holds 500 shares in a shipping company. 16. Your account can be hijacked, …

hijack

1) 劫持飞机或车辆

The FBI was warned six years ago of a terrorist plot to hijack commercial planes and slam them into the Pentagon.

2) steal goods by stopping it in transit

Early in 2001, the Israelis hatched a plan to invade southern Iraq and hijack its oil reserves

17. Many websites scramble or encrypt such information to ensure the confidentiality of scramble保密 scramble (for):

n & v. struggle with others to get sth, from competitors There is a scramble for best seats. confidential adj. (to be kept) secret confidentiality n.

A debate is needed on balance between patient confidentiality and needs of research.

18. This technology is improving rapidly, but it still is not foolproof.

foolproof: designed so as to be impervious to human incompetence, error, or misuse; effective

There is no foolproof way to beat virus attack for now. 19. You can be defrauded online.

defraud: deprive of by deceit; to take sth, from by fraud; cheat; swindle She defrauded the customers who trusted her. defraud sb of sth:

He was defrauded of his whole estate .

20. If you have a problem, consult a law enforcement agency.

enforce:

1) make effective; impose

enforcement n.

This is an agency for domestic enforcement of federal drug laws, and for coordinating and pursuing US drug investigations abroad. 2) give force or strength to

Do you know how to enforce your right to receive minimum wage?

21. COOKIE—when you visit a site, a notation may be fed to a file known as a “cookie”…

They are expressed in decimal form instead of scientific notation to help illustrate the problem.

22. DOWNLOAD—the transfer of files or software from a remote computer to your computer.

The purpose of the organization is to promote and strengthen technology transfer nationwide.

23. WEBSITE—An Internet destination where you can look at data and retrieve it.

destination: place to which sb or sth is going or is being sent It is a vacation destination in India.

Reading 2

Mapping Cyberspace

Before reading

Find the following states on the US map.

Oregon; Colorado; Kansas; Texas; Kentucky; Virginia; Ohio Find the following places on the GB map.

Sheffield; Leeds; Nottingham; Coventry; Oxford; Manchester; Liverpool; London

While reading

I. Text Analysis Outline of reading 2

Part 1. A brief introduction to maps recording the human history. (Para.1-2) Part 2. Information about maps. (Para.3-4)

Part 3. A special frontier map—geographical cyberspace. (Para.5-6)

Part 4. Cyber cartography of the present and in the future, and its far-reaching significance. (Para.7-10) II. Language study

1. In the process of our explorations and travels, we have… process: n. procedure

It was a process of trial and error. The process of calcification

begins later for boys than for girls.

Please learn more about our dispute resolution process. v.

1) treat

The results of the elections were still

being processed when he gave his acceptance speech. 2) march

They processed into the dining room.

2. Drawings on a cave wall, sketches in the sand,…relief maps in clay… sketch

n. preliminary drawing for later elaboration He made several sketches before starting to paint.

v. describe roughly or briefly or give the main points or summary of

sketch the outline of the book relief

n. 1) the act of reducing something unpleasant (as pain or annoyance) He asked the nurse for relief from the constant pain.

2) the act of freeing a city or town that has been besieged He asked for troops for the relief of Atlanta. 3) aid for the aged or indigent or handicapped He has been on relief for many years. 4) assistance in time of difficulty

The contributions provided some relief for the victims.

5) sculpture consisting of shapes carved on a surface so as to stand out from the surrounding background category relief map: 模型地图，立体地图

6) the feeling that comes when something burdensome is removed or reduced He enjoyed his relief from responsibility. 3. …measured the lands we do and do not inhabit … inhabit v. make one's home or live in; occupy

These people inhabited all the islands that are now deserted.

4. Frontier space beckons cartographers to map future discoveries of solar system… beckon: signal with the hands or nod

A girl standing at the mouth of the cave beckoned him in. 5. Others believe that it is a space that can be identified,…

identify: recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster.

6. In the future there may be Cyberspace maps available , …

available: adj.

1) obtainable or accessible and ready for use or service to keep a fire extinguisher available

Much information is available through computers. The house is available after July 1. 2) not busy; not otherwise committed

He was available and willing to accompany her.

7. The new virtual uncharted frontier of Cyberspace is out there waiting to be mapped. virtual: adj.

1) being such in essence or effect though not in actual fact a virtual dependence on charity

2) being actually such in almost every respect The once elegant temple lay in virtual ruin. After reading 1. Figures of speech

Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about two common forms of figures of speech: simile and metaphor Simile (明喻)

It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality

we associate with one to the other. Metaphor (暗喻)

It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. What figures of speech are used in the following sentences? 1). Love is food for the soul, but jealousy is poison.

2). As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.

3). (Just) as the sun is the central body of the solar system, (so) the nucleus is the core of the atom.

4). The green plant is a kind of food factory. 5). Food is to the body as fuel is to the engine. 6). The world is a stage.

7). Life resembles but a day's journey. Exercise Translation

Which of the following translation is better? 1) 树立全民环保意识

a. help the whole nation see the importance of environmental protection b. make everybody environmentally aware 2) 正确处理改革发展稳定的关系

a. properly handle the relationship between reform, development and stability b. balance reform, development and stability Translate the following

1)他们不辱使命、不负重托 2)走中国特色的精兵之路 Answers

1) They live up to the mission assigned to them and the full trust placed on them

2) take China’s own road of building fewer but better troops

Chapter 3 Tales of the Sea

Teaching Objectives

Oral skill Discuss about the related topics

Understand the texts Understand the main ideas of the texts. Grasp the key

language points and grammatical structures

Reading skills Increase your reading speed

Writing skills compare strategy: mixing together

Reading 1

The Story of the Titanic: “A Night to Remember”

Before reading

I. Warm-up Activities

1. What does the music and pictures remind you of ? 2. How much do you know about the Titanic and its loss? II. Background information Titanic

At the turn of the century white star line was one of the two largest shipping companies in the Great Britain. By 1902 white star had Been purchased by J. Piermont Morgan's International mercantile marine company (IMMC) whose dream was to monopolize North Atlantic shipping, eliminating competition and

Standardize the cost of travel and freight.

To win the competition, Joseph Bruce Ismay decided to replace the older liners operating between Southampton and New York with a new class of Ocean Giants: Oceanic, Titanic and Britannic. each ship would Hold the title, \"largest liner in the world.\"

Should any two of the largest compartments become flooded, the liner could remain afloat indefinitely. The myth of “unsinkable ”was thus born.

Titanic, the world's largest ship, and pride of the White Star Line, sank on April 15th, 1912 after colliding with an iceberg on her maiden voyage, with the tragic loss of around 1,500 lives.

While reading

I. The Outline

1. Titanic was damaged when it hit an iceberg.(1-9) 2. Few realized what had happened.(10-12)

3. Capitan Smith was worried about the situation of the ship(13-24)

a. Six watertight compartments were ruptured

b. Over two hundred feet of the ship were opened to the sea c. Shortage of lifeboats

4. Titanic was sinking and 2.200 people were in jeopardy. (23-26) II. Language Study

1. intend v.(Para2), ～to do, ～sb/sth to do

Intended adj

Well-intended ill-intended intended target ～victim ～destination intention n.

With the ～of doing, Have no ～ of doing Intention to do Examples

I have no intention of helping him after what he said to me.

The boy went to the library everyday with the intention of meeting the girl. I did not intend her to read the novel until it was finished.

It’s our intention to be the Number one sponsors for Olympic games. 2. Collide vi. Collide with

Collision n. be in /come into ～

比较：bump vt. clash vi bang vi. crash vi. Translate

1).两辆汽车轰然相撞。

2).在跑过拐角时，他撞上了另一个人。 3).我的头撞在了桌角上。 4).他们的剑相撞铿然作响。 Answer:

1)Two cars crashed into each other.

2)In running around the corner, he collided with another man. 3)I bumped my head on the edge of the table. 4)Their swords clashed.

3. be faced with (Para.9) face up to

After graduation, the young man is faced with a difficult choice. She must face up to the fact that she is no longer young. 4. aside from (Para.10

apart from

Aside from a mild fever, the patient feels fine.

Apart from a few scratches, the car was undamaged. 5. bump into (Para.14) run into come across

It’s a surprise to run into (bump into/come across) you on the street of foreign land.

After reading

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary. with the intention of (un)aware of

bump into be faced with aside from collide with proceed be doomed to 1 . _________ the difficulty, I went ahead.

2. The young man went to the park day after day________ seeing the girl again. 3. The commander knew from the beginning that the war_________ to fail. 4. After a summer’s slump, the business_______ as usual.

5. When walking out of the restaurant, the lady ____her English teacher in the university.

6. The man _______the situation that he was fired and did not know how to tell his wife.

7. Because of the horrible weather, the train ______ another one near the destination.

8. ________his height, the girl was satisfied with his boy friend.

Key : Unaware of, with the intention of, was doomed, proceeded, bumped into, was

faced with, collide with, Aside from

Reading 2 Abandon the Ship

Text Understanding

I. Warm-up

1.What actions should be taken before a ship is abandoned? 2. Who usually give the order to abandon a ship?

3. What will happen to the passengers after they abandon a ship? II. Reading Task

Now use the reading strategy of cluster and skim to find out: “what actions had be taken before Titanic was abandoned?” “how does social code works before the disaster?

Language Study

1. As the Titanic sat motionless on the ocean, Her forward compartments slowly filling with water, a drama was unfolding upon her deck that will forever replayed in history. (Para.1) motion n. The act or process of changing position or place 与静止相对 unfold v. Having or making no motion motionless adj. to become spread out, display

2. In charge of (Para. 5): take charge of , be responsible for 他在公司里负责财务工作．

He is in charge of/ takes charge of/ is responsible for the financial affair in his

company.

3. refer to (Para.14): a. Look at for information查阅，参考; b. to mention or speak about 提到，说起c. to concern; direct attention to 有关，针对

If you do not understand these terms, you can refer to the dictionary. When she said those people, she is referring to the immigrants. These rules does not refer to the freshmen.

4. He remarked that it was probably their last chance to send it and this caused some chuckling between the operators who were apparently still find it Difficult to take the ship’s plight seriously. (Para.18) 他说这也许是发出sos信号的最后机会了。这话在报务员中引发了一阵低低的笑声，他们显然还很难把巨轮的困境当真。

Translate

1.老人一动不动地坐在那里，全神贯注地读着儿子的来信。

The old man sat there motionless, reading his son’s letter absorbedly. 2.国防部的一位高级官员告诉这位母亲：她的三个儿子在战场上牺牲了。

A senior official from defense ministry informed the old mother that her three sons all died heroically in the war.

3.不管发生什么，我都会信守诺言来帮助你的。

Whatever happens, I will always stand by my promise to help you. 4. 他主要负责产品的研发。

He is mainly in charge of the research and development of product. 5.在黎明时分,警方对恐怖分子发动了攻击。

At dawn, the police launched an attack against the terrorists.

Questions for discussion

1. If you were there on the Titanic when the tragedy was happening, what will you do?

2. Does crisis really bring out the worst of humanity?or is threatening situation more likely to draw the loved ones together?

Chapter 4

Is Your Food Safe ？

Teaching Objectives

• Understand the main idea of reading 1 and 2.

• Appreciate various techniques employed by the writer (utilizing visual features, using word part clues for word meanings)

• Master the key language points and grammatical structure in the texts • Practice how to write comparisons

Reading 1

Microbes and Food Safety

Before Reading

I. Warm-up Activity

1. What happened to the boy in the picture? 2. Do you know what is the cause?

3. Did the same thing happen to you before?

4. Can we prevent it? How?

II. Backgrounf information Foodborne Illness

Foodborne illness is caused by bacteria in the food people ate a few hours or several days ago.

Even though the United States has one of the Safest food supplies in the world, there are still more than two million cases of Foodborne illness each year.

While reading

I. The Outline

1. Each year, many people suffer from food poisoning in US. 2. The threat from microbial contamination 3. Safety in the market place II. Language study

1. raw rare medium well-done

2. in contact with Being in the state of touching or communication

Stay/keep/get/in contact with

Please stay/keep/get in contact with us by e-mail

3. malnourished adj. (Para.2) Affected by improper nutrition or an insufficient diet 营养不良

mal- bad; badly

maladminister 对……管理不善 maltreat 虐待 malformed 畸形的 maladjusted失调的

4. stand out 1) To be very easy to see or notice 2) To be much better than other similar people or things

stand by 袖手旁观 信守 支持 准备行动 stand for 代表，象征 容忍；允许 stand up for～sb/sth. 坚持；维护 1）.你必须维护自己的权利。

You must stand up for your rights!

2）.在众多歌手中，周杰伦因其独特的演唱风格显得格外引人瞩目。

Chou Jielun stands out from many singers with his unique singing style. 3）.WTO就是“世界贸易组织”的意思。

BIT stands for the World Trade Organization. 4）. 这个孩子头晕，恶心。很可能是中暑了。

The boy feels dizzy and sick. Chances are good that he has got a heatstroke.

After reading Translation

1.会议的主题是环境保护.

2. 被抽样调查的大学生中有1/3承认经常吸烟.

3.千万不能使生猪羊牛肉，家禽肉，鱼肉接触其它食品。 4.违反俱乐部的规定就要被开除。

Reading 2

Can Your Kitchen Pass the Safety Test?

Text study

I. Warm-up Activity

• What is a truly clean kitchen?

• How much do your know to keep food safe in the kitchen at your home? • Do the quiz on Page 70, see if your kitchen at home could pass the safety

test?

II. The outline

1.A truly clean kitchen depends on both appearance and safe food practice. 2. A quiz to examine the current practice in your home. 3. The answers to the quiz.

4. Three degrees of rating your home’s food practices and the valuation of them.

Language study

1. Kitchen Items

Sink，drain disposal, refrigerator， Microwave oven， cutting board， cupboard counter dishcloth and sponges cleaning agent

2. ensure vt. (Para.2) To make certain that something will happen properly. assure vt To inform positively, as to remove doubt; Make certain; ensure insure vt to guarantee persons or property against risk. Let’s practice

Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the from where necessary. Ensure insure assure

1).The student_______ his teacher of his ability to solve the problem. 2.)This medicine will _______ you a good night’s sleep. 3). My house is ______ against fire.

3. revolve around (Para.2) 1)To have something as a main subject or purpose 2) To move in circles around something.

4. violate vt.(Line96) 1) fml. To break open, into, or through (something that

ought to be respected or left untouched.)亵渎 侵入 2) To break or disregard (a law or promise, for example) 违反，侵犯 Violation n

III. Try to find the control points we need pay attention to in our kitchen about food safety.

Step 1 Purchasing

Buy cold food last...Get it home fast! Purchase meat and poultry products last.

Keep packages of raw meat and poultry separate from other foods.

Consider using plastic bags to enclose individual packages of raw meat and poultry. Make sure meat and poultry products are refrigerated as soon as possible after purchase.

Canned goods should be free of dents, cracks or bulging lids. Step 2 Storing

Don't wait...Refrigerate

At home, refrigerate or re-wrap and freeze meat, fish and poultry immediately.

To prevent raw juices from dripping on other foods, store meat, fish and poultry in plastic bags or on a plate.

Wash hands with soap and water for 20 seconds before and after handling raw meat, poultry or seafood products.

Store canned goods in a cool, clean, dry place. Avoid extreme heat or cold. Step 3 preparing

Keep it straight...Don't cross-contaminate!

The importance of handwashing cannot be overemphasized.

Don’t let juices from raw meat, poultry or seafood come in contact with cooked foods or foods that will be eaten raw, such as fruits or salad ingredients. Thaw foods in the refrigerator, never at room temperature.

When using a microwave oven to thaw food, cook it immediately after thawing. Wash hands, counters, equipment, utensils and cutting boards with soap and water immediately after use. Step 4 Cooking

Cook it well...or time will tell!

Never partially cook products to later finish them on the grill or in the oven

When microwaving foods, use microwave-safe containers. Cover, rotate, and allow for standing time, which contributes to thorough cooking.

Use a meat thermometer to determine if your meat, poultry has reached a safe internal temperature. Step 5 Serving

Keep hot foods hot...Cold foods cold!

Wash hands with soap and water before serving or eating food.

Never leave potentially hazardous foods, raw or cooked, at room temperature any longer than necessary— NEVER longer than 2 hours.

Keep hot foods above 140°F and cold foods below 40°F. Step 6 Handling leftovers

Wash hands before and after handling leftovers Use clean utensils and surfaces.

Divide leftovers into small units and store in shallow containers for quick cooling. Refrigerate within 2 hours of cooking

Reheat leftovers thoroughly to a temperature of 165°. Bring soups, sauces and gravies to a rolling boil.

The most common food handling mistake is cooling food too slowly!

Chapter 5

The Gender-Role Revolution

Teaching Objective

1.Understand the main idea of reading 1 and 2 2. Learn to identify causes and effects

3. Appreciate the technique employed by the writer: the use of defining strategies in his definition of words and expressions.

4.Master the key language points and grammatical structures in the text. 5.Recognize and use the bibliographic citation

6.Understand the limitations of Dictionaries in translation

Reading one

Women’s Changing Roles

Before Reading

I. Warm-up questions

 1. Who do the most of house chores in your family? And Who has the say in your family?

 2. Are Chinese women enjoy more freedom than women in other countries?  3. Do you think the society offers the same job opportunities to women as to men in China? Why?

 4. What determines the roles of men and women in the family? Reading skill: identifying causes and effects Identifying causes and effects

 Learn to identify causes and effects in readings can help better understand the relationship between main ideas  Why causes

 In cause and effect analysis, the causes usually refers to one or several actions, events, attitudes, and conditions in the past, which explains why something happened. It helps to answer the Why?  What happen after effects

 The effect, on the other hand, examines the consequences of the cause. It answers the question So What?  In reading one , you will find what the conditions for women are (causes) and how their roles change accordingly (the effects). Please fill in the following chart with the effects you can find when you read through the text. Background information

• Bali, well known as a paradise island, a land of a thousand gods, thousand temples, thousand dances, is located at the Pacific Ocean, is part of the Republic of Indonesia just below the equatorial line, on latitude 8 degree south and longitude 115 degree east.

• The island is considered to be the most attractive island to visitors. It is estimated that the were more than 3.000.000 visitors a year from all round the world. Most of them seek an understanding of a way of life that is really unique.There is the combination of the friendly people, the natural attractions, the great variety of things to see and do, the year-round pleasant climate, and the absence of security problems. And then there is Bali's special \"magic\which is difficult to explain.

While-Reading

I. Text structure

 Part I (para1-6) The roles of men and women in patriarchal society  Part II (para7-9) The reason for the set roles of women

 Part III (para10-12) Women’s roles changing in recent 100 years  Part IV (para13) Women deserving respect and opportunities II. Language study 1．defer to (sb/sth)

yield to sb or their wishes, judgment, etc, usu because of respect

On technical matters, I defer to the experts. I defer to your greater experience in such things. 2.access n.

(1) ~ to : a means of approaching or entering a place;

e.g. The only access to the farmhouse is across the fields. Some theaters still don’t have wheelchair access.

（2） to open a computer file in order to get information from or put information into it

e.g. She accessed three different files to find the correct information. 3. in terms of (1) as regards sth

The job is great in terms of salary but there are disadvantages. (2) from the basis of sth

She judges everyone in terms of her own standards. 4. confine v.

(1)~ sb/sth to sth: to restrict or keep sb/sth within certain limits I wish the speaker would confine himself to the subject (2) to keep a person or an animal in a small or enclosed space After operation, she was confined to bed for a week. I would hate to be confined in an office all day. 5. lesser adj.

[attrib] not as great or important as the other or others He is stubborn, and so is she, but to a lesser degree. The lesser-known islands The artist’s lesser works 6． render v.

to cause sb/sth to be in a specified condition 使成, 致使

e.g. Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake. He was rendered helpless by an accident. 7．in view of

taking sth. into account

In view of weather, the event will be held indoors. being shown to the public

The whole design of the new school is on view at the hall. 8. dedicate v.

~ oneself/sth. to sth./doing sth.:

to give or devote oneself , time, effort, etc. to a good cause or purpose She dedicates her life to helping the poor. Dedicated adj. dedication n. 9. attribute v. ~ sth to (sb/sth)

to regard sth as belonging to, caused by or produced by This play is usually attributed to Shakespeare.

She attributed her success to her hard work and a bit of luck.

Reading 2

The Sex-role Revolution

Before Reading

I. Background information Definition of Sex Roles Traditional

Traditional sex roles are based on the false belief that males are physically and mentally stronger than females. Male and female roles are therefore very different Egalitarian

Egalitarian sex roles are based on the knowledge that differences between the sexes are much smaller than once believed. These few differences are of little importance in modern life. Male and female roles are more alike than different Traditional Male • Gets satisfaction from achievements • Is self-oriented

• Is the wage earner; expects to be waited on by females in the home

• Is the major decisions-maker for all matters. Egalitarian Male • Works with female in a friendly relationship in the home • Does not feel that is not appropriate to take on home duties • Makes decision with cooperation of all family members Traditional Female • Not able to fill hard and challenging roles, so must be protected

• Gets satisfaction by “proxy”—through relationship with male family

members

• Is other-oriented Egalitarian Female

• Becomes more self-oriented than other-oriented

• Is free to choose own role and work outside the home • Expects aid from husband in care of home and children • Has position in work depending on abilities II. Text structure

① Women are seeking egalitarian relationships with men.

② Men are taking on new roles and entering new careers that were chiefly occupied by women before.

③ It is more common for men to accept equal responsibility for domestic tasks. ④ Americans have begun to change their ideas about the traditional sex roles.

While Reading Language study

1. The proportion of A to B ratio

The proportion of men to women in the college has changed dramatically over the years.

in the correct relation to other things Her figure is perfectly in proportion . in the wrong relation to other things

They earn salaries out of proportion to their ability. 2. present v.

~ sb with sth; ~sth to sth.

cause sth to occur or be experienced表现；造成 Money presents no difficulty to them.

Army life presents many challenges to the new recruit. 3. take on

to accept ( work, responsibility, etc.)

The doctor says that Jim should take on much less heavy work. 4. break down

(1) stop working because of mechanical fault Our car broke down on the freeway. (2)to fail; to collapse

Negotiations between the two sides have broken down. (3) (of someone’s health) become bad

Her health broke down under the pressure of work.

(4) to change the chemical composition of sth Sugar and starch are broken down in the stomach. 5. entail v.

to make it necessary to do something需要 Writing a history book entails a lot of work. 写一本历史书需要下很大功夫。 The job entails precision. 这件事需要精确性。

Producing a series TV play entails a lot of work. 拍摄一部电视连续剧需要做大量的工作。 6. without regards to

having no connection with

Please don’t talk with me anything without regards to our job.

After Reading

Find the most suitable definition for the underlined words. Then translate the sentences into Chinese

1. Princess Diana’s in-law could be vindictive. 2. The United States exhibits the qualities of an individual going through a nervous breakdown.

3. The doctor traumatized my pigmented mole. 4. When commenting on an explosive martial spat on occurring next door, it is necessary for neighbor to be diplomatic. 5. Women are becoming more involved in athletics than they were in the past. Chapter 6 Media and Culture

Teaching objectives

Students will be able to:

 Understand the basic definitions of culture  understand the main idea of the two readings  understand the organization of the text

 grasp some key words, expressions, language points and grammatical structures in the text.

 master some writing skills: cause and effect  learn the translatability of puns

Reading 1 The Culture War

Before Reading

I. Background Information 1. What’s culture?

1) The “term” culture has a complex history and diverse range of meanings. It can refer to Shakespeare or Snoopy comics, ballet or football. Culture is found in your local street, in your own city and country or on the other side of the world.

Small children teenagers, adults and older people have their own culture; but they may also share one culture. Outside the natural science, “culture” is chiefly used in three relatively distinct senses: 2) the arts and the artistic activities that concern ‘refined’ pursuits in which the ‘cultured’ person engage

3)the learned, primarily symbolic features of a particular way of life 4)What, then, is a symbol?

language, flags, hairstyles, road signs, smiles, business suits– the list is endless. Humans have the ability to use symbols to convey shared ideas which is the basis of our cultural being.

5) Culture is the process of development.

‘Culture’ in the late Middle Ages refers to the cultivation of crops an animals; Later the sense was transferred to the cultivation of people’s minds. So cultivation is a general, social and historical process 2. Warm-up activities Media & College life

• Which of the following are available in your college life? books, newspapers, magazines films, radio, tapes, television video games, Internet

• Discuss their influences on your lives, their positive or/and negative (if any) roles.

• Do you think a college student’s access to the media needs to be regulated? Why or why not?

While-reading

1.Text analysis & Comprehension

Part One Paras. 1-3 Introduction : culture war . What is culture war?

A. Definition (J.D. Hunter)

B. How does Hunter view the war? national identity

C. What is the essence of the conflict? values

rapid social changes

Part Two Paras. 4-7 A War— Conservatives vs. Liberals Part Three Paras. 8 Conclusion 2. An opinion poll

A. common concern: sex and violence solutions: • individuals’ responsibility • parental supervision • government censorship

B. growing concern: impact of TV on children 3. Language study Difficult Sentences

1) Conservatives have threatened consumer boycotts of offending local theaters and bookstores, and of sponsors of television programs. (para.5) 保守派已经向演售违禁内容的地方剧院和书店，以及电视节目赞助商威胁发动消费者抵制活动。

2) Movies drenched in sex and gore, gangsta rap, even outright pornography, are not some sort of alien interstellar dust malevolently drifting down on us, but products actively sought out and beloved by millions. (para. 6) 充满性和血腥的电影，说唱乐，甚至毫不掩饰的色情也不是什么恶意地飘落到我们的头上的来自外层空间的星际灰尘，而是百万人积极追求和喜爱的产品。 3) We can’t have the best art unless we are willing to risk living with the rest, the second rate and 15th rate, the stuff that eventually disappear because its worthlessness

teaches us not to buy or listen. (para. 7)

除非我们甘愿冒险忍受剩下那些二级片乃至15级片，那些因为毫无价值，我们不再买不再听，从而最终会消失的东西，否则我们就不会有最好的艺术。 Words and Expressions 1. identity

• the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity • e.g. You can lose your identity when you join the army.

• an operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates • e.g. The identity under numerical multiplication is 1. • exact sameness

• e.g. They shared an identity of interests 2. diverse

• different; unlike; dissimilar; distinct; separate

• e.g. It’s difficult to design a program that will meet the diverse needs of all our users.

• capable of various forms; multiform

• e.g. Eloquence is a great and diverse thing. 3. concern

to have to do with or relate to

• e.g. An article that concerns the flood stricken area. to be of interest or importance to

• e.g. This problem concerns all of us.

• A good king concerns himself in the happiness of his subjects. Concerning

• about or relating to

e.g. The police are anxious for any information concerning the woman’s whereabouts. 4. involve

connect closely and often incriminatingly

e.g. Show me the evidence that involved the governor in the scandal. Engage as a participant

e.g. Never try to involve me in your private affairs.

Have as a necessary feature or consequence; entail

After reading

A Discussion: Children as a market

• How do you understand the statement? Do you think this is also the phenomenon in the current economic and social life of the Chinese people? • Can you find examples in your life? • What is your view of this phenomenon?

Reading 2 Culture and Media

I. Comprehension Questions:

1. How should we understand the quotation from Brian Eno, “Culture is what we don’t have to do”?

Culture is the way of people’s life. No matter how trivial it is in our life, a small detail of our life, when contrasted with that in another culture, may show us the characteristic feature of our own culture.

2. What cause the Chinese food culture differ from the Indian food culture?

• They are different not only because of the ingredients available locally, but

also because of the tools and methods available to prepare food.

• Indian people in the countryside use the dried dung cows as fuel, which burns slowly and evenly at a low temperature, while coal, which produces extremely high heat for a short period of time, has been the principle cooking fuel for centuries in China.

3. Generally speaking, how does media influence the culture?

• Media increasingly informs and shapes opinions around the world and works to spread cultures, destroy them and preserve them. 4. What is the impact if the spread of the rock and roll music?

It has produced the effect of marginalizing traditional musical arts.

A new cultural phenomenon moves in and dominates. It can suppress an existing culture.

5. How does media help to preserve martial arts?

In the past, martial arts had limited impact internationally. With the advent of cinema, movie stars began to make martial arts popular among young viewers. An interest in martial arts as well as other things Asian started to spread.

II. Writing: The Cause and Effect Essay What is a cause and effect essay?

• Cause and effect essays are concerned with why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects). Cause and effect is a common method of organizing and discussing ideas. Steps to follow Step One

• Distinguish between cause and effect.

• To determine causes, ask, \"Why did this happen?\" To identify effects, ask, \"What happened because of this?“ Step Two

• Develop your thesis statement.

• State clearly whether you are discussing causes, effects, or both. Introduce your main idea, using the terms \"cause\" and/or \"effect.\" Step Three

• Find and organize supporting details.

• Back up your thesis with relevant and sufficient details that are organized. You can organize details in the following ways: Chronological:

Details are arranged in the order in which the events occurred. • Order of importance:

Details are arranged from least to most important or vice versa. Categorical:

Details are arranged by dividing the topic into parts or categories. Step Four

• Use appropriate transitions.

• To blend details smoothly in cause and effect essays, use the transitional words and phrases.

III. Transitional words and phrases

For causes For Effects because, due to, on cause is, another consequently, as a result, thus, is, since, for, first, second resulted in, one result is, another is, therefore III. Translation Puns and Translatability Pun （双关），英语修辞格之一，其特点是用一个词,或一句话表达两层不同的意思：一是表面的，一是隐含的，并以隐含的意思为主。恰当的运用双关能使语言活泼有趣，收到由此及彼的效果。

Pun 和汉语双关一样都可以分为两类： 谐音双关（homophonic puns）：由词义根本不同的谐音词构成。 语义双关（homographic puns）：利用一词多义的特点构成。

虽然汉语和英语双关在格式和修辞作用上基本相同，但由于两种语言的语音不同，多义词也很难找到绝对对应的词语。 e.g. Visiting aunts can be a nuisance.(不可译)

e.g. What does that lawyer do after he dies?--- Lie still. 那个律师死后干什么？——静静地躺着，仍在撒谎。

She’s too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise, and too little for a great praise.

（William Shakespeare: Much Ado about Nothing ）

她太矮，经不起高度的赞扬；皮肤太黝黑，经不起说她白皙的赞扬；个子太瘦小，经不起大的赞扬。

* Low，fair，little在这里都有双关的意义，表面上看来是在谈她的容貌，实际上是在谈她的社会地位等问题。

Chapter 7 Affluenza

Teaching Objectives:

 Reading—vocabulary building, drawing inferences

 Writing—effective thesis statements, introductions and conclusions.  Translating—the notion of register

Reading 1

Does Economic Growth Improve Human Morale?

Before Reading

I. Quiz

1. The percentage of Americans calling themselves \"very happy\" reached its highest point in what year? a. 1957 b. 1967 c. 1977 d. 1987

a. The number of \"very happy\" people peaked in 1957, and has remained fairly stable or declined ever since. Even though people consume twice as much as they did in the 1950s, people were just as happy when they had less.

2. How much of an average American's lifetime will be spent (on average) watching television commercials? a. 6 months b. 3 months c. 1 year d. 1.5 years

c. In contrast, Americans on average spend only 40 minutes a week playing with their children,and members of working couples talk with one another on average only 12 minutes a day.

3. True or false? Americans carry $1 billion in personal debt, not including real estate and mortgages. False.

Americans carry $1 trillion in personal debt, approximately $4,000 for every man, woman and child, not including real estate and mortgages. On average, Americans save only 4 percent of their income, in contrast to the Japanese, who save an average of 16 percent.

II. Warm-up discussion

 What are the three material things you wanted badly in your life? (past, present)

 Did you get them immediately? How?

 People are living a better life today, but are they happier than they were ten years ago?

While reading

I. Outline of the text

1.Introduction: the author’s experience in Scotland

Thesis statement: With less money, there was no less satisfaction with living, no less warmth of spirit, no less pleasure in one another’s company.

2. Illustration of his point: there is little connection between wealth and happiness. 3. Discussion about the underlying cause: human beings are very adaptable and tend to get used to their fate

4. Conclusion: restatement of his point—economic growth does not necessarily improve human morale.

Happiness is less a matter of getting what we want than of wanting what we have. II. Language points

1. Comparing……, we……(L2)

L2—“Comparing…,” ;

L82—“ Compared to/ with…”

compare… to (describing the resemblances between unlike things)

compare…with (examining two like things in order to discern their similarities or differences)

 He compared her to a summer day. 他将她比为夏天。

 Scientists sometimes compare the human brain to a computer. 科学家有时将人脑比作电脑。

 The police compared the forged signature with the original. 警察将伪造的签名与原来的作比较。

 The committee will have to compare the Senate's version of the bill with the version that was passed by the House. 委员会需要将参议院议案的版本与下议院通过的作比较。 2. We were impressed by……(L3)

 impress (im=in)  express (ex: out)

 compress 压缩 （com: together; press 压）  depress 使沮丧 （de: down）  oppress 压迫 （op=ob: against）  repress 镇压，抑制 （re: back） 3. Margaret Thatcher (L12)

 Britain's first female prime minister.  born in 1925

 elected to the House of Commons in 1953  became prime minister in 1979

 forced to resign in 1990, when her cabinet was divided over issues including the European Community. 4. …, no less warmth of spirit, …(L14)  warm warmth  strong strength  long length  wide width  deep depth  grow growth  true truth

5. company, accompany, companion

 accompany: vt. to go somewhere with someone

Children under 14 must be accompanied by an adult. Wherever her husband went, she would accompany him.

 companion: n. someone you spend a lot of time with, especially a friend For ten years he had been her constant companion . His dog became his closest companion 6. being relatively well off does make for…… make for:

 1) to cause a particular result or situation

Both teams are on good form, which should make for a great game. The large print makes for easier reading. 大号字体便于阅读。

 2) to go in the direction of a particular place, head for I think it's time we made for home. 7. Adapting to Fame……(L39)

to gradually change behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation

 adapt to--The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school.

 adapt oneself to sth--How do these insects adapt themselves to new environments?

 adapt sth to do sth--The car has been adapted to take unleaded gas.

 adapt sth for sb--These teaching materials can be adapted for older children. 8. adapt adopt v. 采用 adept adj. 熟练的

0101/42. I suggested he should __ himself to his new conditions. A) adapt B) adopt C) regulate D) suit

0309/64. It is too early to say whether IBM’s competitors will be able to ______their products to the new hardware at an affordable cost.

A)adapt B)stick C) yield D)adopt 9. A social rejection—deject us…(L58) (ject: throw)

 reject (re: back) 拒绝  deject (de: down)使沮丧

 object (ob: against) 反对 object to

 subject (sub: under)使屈从于 be subject to  project (pro: forward) 投射  inject (in)注射

 eject (e=ex:out)喷射

10 …its utter absence can breed misery, … (L91) utter:

 adj. Complete; absolute; entire:完全的；彻底的；十足的： utter nonsense; 十足的废话；utter darkness. 漆黑

 vt. to send forth with the voice ; to articulate (words): 发出, uttered a cry 发出叫声

He looked at me without uttering a word. 他看着我，没说一句话。

After reading

近义词辨析

 Ability is the power, mental or physical, to do something:是指智力或体力上具有做某事的能力

 Capacity refers to an innate potential for growth, development, or accomplishment: 指天赋的，如生长、发展或成功的潜力

 Talent emphasizes inborn ability, especially in the arts: 强调天生的才能，尤其是在艺术方面

 Skill stresses ability that is acquired or developed through experience:强调由经验而获得或发展的能力

 Competence suggests the ability to do something satisfactorily but not necessarily outstandingly well: 指能做到使人满意但并不一定特别出众的能力

 Aptitude implies inherent capacity for learning, understanding, or performing:暗指内在的学习、理解和表演的才能

Reading 2 Affluenza

While reading

Language points

1. As the income of today’s family has increased, so have the number and frequency of purchases (L4).

 As the aging population grows, so will pension shortages. 2. acquire (L18) -quire: to ask acquire require enquire inquire

3. consequence (L32)

something that happens as a result of a particular action or set of conditions Many believe that poverty is a direct consequence of overpopulation.

Animals have died as a consequence of coming into contact with this chemical. consequently: as a result

Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. Consequently, their keyboard skills are inefficient 4. adequate (L34)

adequate: enough in quantity or of a good enough quality for a particular purpose Some creams we tested failed to give adequate protection against UV light. The company has yet to provide an adequate explanation for its actions.

 enough 系常用词, 常可与 sufficient 互换, 它除表示“足以满足需要的”外, 还含有“数量很多使人感到心满意足的”的意思, 如: We have enough money to spend.

 sufficient 用于正式文体中, 指“分量或数量足以满足需要的”, 如: The food is sufficient for a week.

 adequate 指“足够符合特定(有时可指最低)的资格、分量、才能等”着重“符合一个客观要求或标准的”, 如:

To be healthy one must have an adequate diet. 一个人想要健康, 必须有足够的规定饮食

After reading

I. 近形词辨析 -serve: to keep

 observe (observe a holiday)  deserve (deserve attention)  reserve (reserve a table)  conserve (conserve energy)

 preserve (preserve the old castle) -volve: to roll  evolve

The school has evolved its own style of teaching.  involve

These changes will involve everyone on the staff.  revolve

The moon revolves around the Earth. II. Ways of effective introduction: 1. Make a clean statement of the thesis.

2. Explain your personal interest or involvement with the subject. 3. Offer some important background.

4. Tell a dramatic or amusing anecdote about your topic.

5. Offer a startling but reliable fact or statistic that pertains to your topic. 6. Begin with a quotation that supports or contradicts your main point. 7. Contrast or explain the views of two or more people. 8. Ask a question that leads into your thesis. 9. Cite your opposition and refute it.

10. Make an analogy that would interest your reader.

Chapter 8 Ancient Americans

Teaching Objectives

Students should be able to：

Create time lines to help themselves recall dates and events in readings understand the main idea of the two readings understand the organization of the text

grasp some key words, expressions, language points and grammatical structures in the text

master some writing skills: persuasive writing

learn the significance of formal structures in translation

Reading 1 The First Americans

Before Reading

I. Background information

For many years the dominant scientific hypothesis is that the origin was a single population of so-called \"Mongoloid\" people entered North America from the Asian continent across the Bering land bridge (a broad strip of land between what now is Alaska and Siberia , but long since submerged) sometime towards the end of the last Ice Age, around 12,000 - 13,000 years ago.

But it is in hot debate. The wide range of skull shapes and linguistic and genetic evidence all support the idea of multiple migrations of people coming from distinctly different genetic populations

Three major time periods of native American history --- the Pre-European Period :  The Paleo-Indian period  The Archaic period  The Formative period II. Warm-up activities

Discuss the following questions:

1. Where is the Bering Strait? Which two continents does it separate?

2. Who were the first Americans? What ethnic groups would they have resembled?

3. What difficulties do you think ancient Americans faced? How could they have adapted their lives to overcome their difficulties?

While reading

I. Text analysis & Comprehension

1.Great glaciers which covered the north region of the world in ancient times led to the formation of a land bridge between northeastern Asia and Alaska. (para. 1)

2.How and when do scholars say ancient Asians might have moved to north America? (para.2-4)

• possibility one: ________________ • possibility two: ______________ • possibility three: _______________

• The importance of finding answers to the above a. ______________________ b. ______________________

3. Evidence has brought the Asian-American connection theory into question (para.5-8)

4. The origin of the first Americans is still in hot debate. (para.9-12)

Many believe that maybe many separate, small groups moved into the Americas It is possible that people came to the Americas at different times and from different parts of the world.

The question is even more complicated than any previous research findings

 Questions about the Clovis-first explanation

 Recent studies proved that there were three separate migrations came to America. II. Language points 1. expose vt. Show

e.g. The wolf opened its mouth to expose a row of sharp white teeth.

to learn about beliefs, ideas etc., especially by seeing things or having new experiences

e.g. Travel abroad exposes children to different languages and cultures. to reveal the guilt or wrongdoing of e.g. expose a criminal. 2. proceed vi.

(+ with, to) to go forward or onward, especially after an interruption; continue e.g. (1) Tell us your name and then proceed with your story.

(2) Having said how much she liked it, she then proceeded to criticize the way I’d done it. 3. blend vt.

to combine or mix so that the constituent parts are indistinguishable from one another: e.g. He has no difficulty blending his two writing careers: novels and films. vi.

to form a uniform mixture

e.g. The smoke blended easily into the odor of the other fumes. to create a harmonious effect or result:

e.g. picked a tie that blended with the jacket. n.

Something, such as an effect or a product, that is created by blending:

e.g. His face shows, as he stares at the fire, a blend of fastidiousness and intransigence.

(Linguistics) A word produced by combining parts of other words, as smog from smoke and fog. 4.diversity n.

variety or multiformity

e.g. Charles Darwin saw in the diversity of species the principles of evolution

that operated to generate the species: variation, competition and selection. (Scientific American)

After reading

Discussion:

Why is it significant to study the origin of ancient people?

Reading 2 Ancient Mount Builders

I. Comprehension of the text

1. What have been shown by the mounds built as burial grounds.

The complexity and diversity of early American Indians have been shown. 2. Who built those mounds? How did they get the idea of building mounds? Those mounds were built by a group of people called mound builders.

They get the idea from their own cultures, or from migrants from Mesoamerica, or from their trading partners

3. What are the characteristics of Adena culture and their mounds? 4. What are the characteristics of Hopewell culture and their mounds? 5. What are the characteristics of Mississippian culture and their mounds?

6. There are several possible reasons why people deserted the mound cities. Which one sounds the most possible to you? II. Writing

1. What is persuasive writing?

In persuasive writing, a writer takes a position FOR or AGAINST an issue and writes to convince the reader to believe or do something. 2. Where is persuasive writing used?

in advertisements to get the reader to buy a product.

in essays and other types of writing to get the reader to accept a point of view. 3. A general guideline:

Have a firm opinion that you want your reader to accept. Begin with a grabber or hook to get the reader's attention. Offer evidence to support your opinion.

Conclude with a restatement of what you want the reader to do or believe.

Chapter 9 Ethnic Identity

Teaching Objectives

Students should be able to：

recognize classification words

support your opinion with evidence translate texts of various types

Reading 1

Ethnic Boundary Markers

Before Reading

I. Warm-up activities

1. Which ethnic group do you belong to?

2. How do you distinguish people of one ethnic group from another?

Ethnic groups are different from each other in language, religion, physical appearance and particular cultural traits. II. Background

1. Ethnic groups in China

There are 56 ethnic groups in China.

The Han ethnic group is the largest, living all over the country with the compact communities in the Huanghe, Changjiang and Zhujiang valleys and the Songhua-Liaohe Plain of the northeast.

The other ethnic groups are the minority nationalities, inhabiting 60 percent of the country's total area and living mainly in the border regions.

All ethnic groups are like equal brothers and sisters in a happy family. 2. “Ethnic” Words

 ethnic group people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture

 ethnic boundary marker overt factors used to demonstrate or denote group members

 ethnic identity

extent to which one identifies with a particular ethnic group; one’s sense of belonging to an ethnic group and the part of one’s thinking, perceptions, feelings, and behavior that is due to ethnic group membership. 3 major components of ethnic identity:

ethnic awareness, ethnic self-identification, ethnic attitudes and ethnic behaviors. 4. Three major religions in the world Christianity

Christianity started 2,000 years ago in Judea (present-day Israel) with Jesus Christ and His faithful group of disciples.

There are about 2 billion Christians in the world.

Gospel message: “For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life.” Buddhism

Founded by Buddha Shakyamuni 2,500 years ago Buddhist way of life: meditation Islam

Islam started 1,400 years ago in Saudi Arabia.

It is embraced by Arabs, Persians, Turks, Africans, Indians, Chinese, Malays, and numerous smaller units.

It now has around 1,200 million adherents.

Muslims believe that there is only one God, whose name in the Arabic language is Allah. God had special messengers or prophets. Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad were God's prophets.

While reading

I. The outline of the text

 the four ethnic boundary markers

 the examples cited to show how each marker is used to distinguish ethnic groups

 the examples cited to show when a marker doesn’t work II. Language study

1. Overt factors used to demonstrate or denote group membership are called ethnic boundary markers. (Line 2)

overt a. open and observable overt hostility covert a. not open, secret

a covert glance

2. denote v. (denotation n.) vt. mean

The word “plump” denotes fat. vt. mark; indicate; signify

A frown often denotes ________. (impatience/anger/confusion) A quick pulse often denotes ________. (fever/heart problem/excitement) connote (connotation n.)

vt. imply in addition to literal meaning

The word “plump” connotes cheerfulness.

3. But in many cases, religion and ethnic group more or less correspond. (Line 28) correspond vi.

to be similar or equivalent

The American Congress corresponds to the British Parliament.

to be in agreement, harmony, or conformity Her job corresponds with her interests.

to communicate by letter

They corresponded with each other all the time. (They held correspondence with

each other all the time.)

4. For the sake of brevity, we will limit our discussion to one trait--- clothing. (Line 66)

for the sake of

 For the sake of safety, you must keep all medicines away from children.  She stopped smoking for her own sake. 5. Difficult sentences

a. However, just because two populations share a common language does not mean they share a common identity, any more than the fact that two populations speak different languages means that they have two distinct identities.

Two populations who share a common language do not necessarily share a common identity; likewise, two populations who speak different languages do not necessarily have different identities.

b. The significance or lack of significance of physical characteristics in ethnic identity may also vary with the level of ethnic identity.

How significant physical characteristics are as a significant marker of ethnic identity depends on on which level the ethnic group members share their characteristics.

c. The major world religions such as Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism encompass numerous distinct ethnic groups, so that the religious affiliation does not always indicate ethnic affiliation.

The members of a religion may come from many different ethnic groups, so a religious group is not necessarily an ethnic one.

After Reading

Discussion

 Can you name some ethnic conflicts?  What caused so many conflicts?

Reading 2

The Problems of States and Nationalities

I. The outline of the text

1.Ethnic conflicts are not between sub-national groups but between distinct nationalities and they illustrate the strength of nationalist sentiments. A. Ethnic conflicts in Northern Ireland B. Ethnic conflicts in Israel and Palestine 2.Ethnic conflicts are common in the modern world.

Reason: the populations of most countries encompass a number of distinct nationalities.

3. Ethnic conflicts are complicated.

Reason: Current political boundaries for most of the world are legacies of European colonialism and expansion. European powers made little attempt to redefine political boundaries when they granted independence to their colonies. II. Language study

1. Falsely equating country of origin with ethnic nationality, …… (Line 3) equate

vt. to consider or treat as equal

It’s a mistake to equate wealth with happiness. I am not equating you and him. vt. to make … equal

to equate imports and exports.

2. Bombings, ambushes, and assassinations have claimed the lives of more than 2,200 persons, and no end appears in sight. (Line 27) claim vt.

The accident claimed her life. (to take)

Has anyone claimed the watch?

(to ask for on the basis of right, authority or accomplishment)

A caller to the broadcasting station claimed responsibility for the bombing. (to state to have)

The matter claims our attention. (to call for)

Don’t claim to know what you don’t know. (to maintain)

3. Only a handful of countries are peopled by members of a single nationality and are thus ethnically homogeneous. (Line 58) handful n. a few

a handful of people/days

Words ending with –ful indicating the amount: a handful of sand

a mouthful of sweet air a spoonful of hot soup

4. homogeneous: of the similar nature or kind homo-: same; alike homograph 同形异义词

record n./record v. August n./august a. homophone 同音词

knew/new night/knight homonym 同音异义词

fair n./fair a. bear n./bear v.

5. Nor was Africa the only continent to have boundaries imposed by Europeans. (Line 70)

nor 等具有否定意义的词或词组居于句首时句子倒装

nor, never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, not until, by no means, in no time, under no circumstances, under no condition, in no way, in no case, in vain, at no time, neither…(nor), no sooner…(than), hardly…(when), barely, on no account, not a bit, nowhere, not only…(but also), not often, etc. I have never heard such nonsense in all my life. Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense.

Churchill was not only a statesman but also a poet. Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet.

Exception: 如果这些词修饰句子的主语、构成主语的一部分，句子不倒装。 Not a word was said.

Scarcely a drop of rain fell last month. Only an old man took pity on the poor girl.

6. As European powers granted independence to their colonies, …… (Line 83) grant vt.

You may grant ________.a scholarship to a student/a request luggage allowances to passengers

Granted that you are correct, you may find it hard to prove your point.

III. Translation Exercise

1. I remember that the Gabilian Mountains to the east of the valley were light gay mountains full of sun and loveliness and a kind of invitation, so that you wanted to climb into their warm foothills almost as you want to climb into the lap of a beloved mother. They were beckoning mountains with a brown grass love.

我记得河谷东面的加毕伦山脉总是阳光璀璨，明媚可爱，仿佛向你殷勤邀请，你不禁想爬上暖洋洋的山麓小丘，正象爬到亲爱的母亲的怀里那样。棕色的草坡给你爱抚，向你召唤。

2. Because it (oil) is very slippery, it is used for lubrication. Two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat; but if they are separated by a thin film of oil, the friction and heat are reduced. No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated. The oil used for this purpose must be of the correct thickness; if it is too thin it will not give enough lubrication, and if it is too thick it will reach all parts that must be lubricated.

它（油）非常滑润，可以用作润滑剂。两个金属面相擦，就会产生摩擦和热；但如果在它们之间抹上薄薄的一层油，就可以减少摩擦，降低热度。任何机械如果不使用一定的润滑剂，就不能持续工作。润滑油的浓度必须适当，太稀则起不到应有的润滑作用，太稠则流不到所有需要润滑的零件。

Chapter 10 The Job Puzzle

Teaching objectives

Reading:

annotate important ideas;

recognize generalizations and examples; understand the main ideas; master the key language points. Writing:

skills in argumentation Translation:

appreciate literature translation

Reading 1 Work it Out !

Before reading

I. Warm-up exercise

1. Let’s play a GAME. Here is a list of the names of some occupations. One student in your group stands in the front of the classroom, facing the whole class, and the rest of the group members try to describe the occupation in English without mentioning the word. The group that gets the most words correctly wins.

Policeman Secretary Electrician Driver Scientist Engineer Designer Beautician Writer Coach teacher nurse Salesman photographer barber painter Doctor professor librarian editor tour guide actor stewardess lawyer manager musician tailor conductor DJ mayor

2. What skills and qualities one needs to possess to succeed in one’s job?

skills

reading and writing

listening and speaking computer

interpersonal skills

being able to learn new things qualities healthy

diligent (hardworking) confident responsible capable decisive far-sighted honest

open-minded While reading

I. Outline

Part Ⅰ: (para.1) Introduction

Part Ⅱ: (para.2-7) Common challenges people face in the workplace Part Ⅲ: (para.8-14) Six steps to improve happiness Part Ⅳ: (para.15) Conclusion

II. Language study

1. The article concerns a man who escaped from the prison. These tax changes will concern small companies. Safety is the main concern of the traveler.

The speaker expresses serious concern for the air pollution. 2. as far as I’m concerned: 就我而言；依我之见 sth. is concerned with…: 关于

sb. is concerned about/for…: 担心的，关切的 1) As far as I’m concerned, the idea is crazy.

2). The story is concerned with a Jewish family in the World War Ⅱ.

3). The mother was concerned for the children’s safety when they didn’t come back from school in the evening. 3. impact

strong and powerful influence or effect 影响，作用 The computer has made a great impact on modern life

Professor Tailor’s talk has indicated that science has a strong __ on everyday life. A. motivation B. perspective C. impression D. impact

4. complain v. express dissatisfaction, resentment, pain, etc. complain about /of complain that … complaint n.

eg The students always complain about their homework.

She is complaining of her headache to the doctor. 5. in a sense: 在某种程度上

a sense of accomplishment a sense of responsibility

a sense of humor make sense

eg. 在一定程度上你是对的，但你不知道全部情况。 You are right in a sense, but you don’t know all the facts

注意身体，这是很明智的。

It makes sense to take care of your health.

6. live with accept a difficult or unpleasant situation

Eg. He could no longer live with his roommate’s mess and moved out. 7. incorporate sth. into…include sth. as a part of group , system or plan We ~d many new features into the design of the stadium

After reading

Translation

朋友们鼓励我申请这份工作。

My friends encourage me to apply for the job. 很多顾客保护法也适用于网上交易。

Many customer protection laws also apply to Internet transactions. 新的技术几乎被应用到所有领域。

New technologies have been applied to almost every field.

Reading 2

Computer Scientists, Computer Engineers, and Systems

Text Understanding

Para. 1 The prediction of the fastest growing occupations. Para. 2 The requirement for these jobs.

Para. 3 The reasons why there is a need for many professional computer-related

occupations.

Para. 4-11 The introduction of various computer-related occupations.

Language study

Pay attention to the words and phrases that are used to describe the duties and responsibilities of jobs.

design, develop, test, supervise, install, configure, support, plan, coordinate… be involved in, be concerned with, specialize in, be responsible for

Discussion

Find a partner and describe to him or her the responsibilities of the computer-related jobs.

Writing

如何写议论文

议论文往往是通过驳斥或评论他人的观点来表明自己的看法和主张，并希望能够说服读者接受自己的观点。议论文的核心是论证部分（即展开部分）。在这一部分，不仅要层次分明，逻辑性强，而且论证要充分，全面，以便增强说服力。可以采用立论，即正面阐述自己的观点。提出话题后，先表明立场，然后用例子或理由证明。

• It’s commonly believed that (studying in a university is the only way to success for young people), but I wonder whether this argument is well grounded.

• We are often told these days that (owning a private car, one can enjoy convenience and comfort). But is this really the case?

• Recently, the problem of…has aroused public concern. Some people believe that…,but others hold that …. As to me, I’m on the first/second side of the argument.

• There is no agreement among people as to the issue of…. Some people hold that…while others believe that…. From my point of view, it is more advisable to support the first/second rather than the second/first one.

• When asked about/When it comes to …, some people prefer to…; others, however, prefer to…. As to me, I choose the first way/method/approach. The following reasons can account for my inclination.

• People’s ideas/opinions/views on…vary from person to person. Some people think that….from their point of view, …. However, others hold that…. In their opinion, …. As to me, I agree with/am in favor of the first idea. The followings are the reasons for my choice.  While it is true that…, it doesn’t mean that…

 At first thought, this idea sounds true, but on second thoughts, we can find there are some problems with this view.

 There is an element of truth in the statement that…, but this is not to say that/but I just want to say that… Exercise

Write a composition on the following topic and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below

Does New Tuition Policy Keep Students Away 1. 目前，许多学生考上大学却为学费发愁。

2. 有人认为，新的高校收费政策让一些贫困学生无法上大学。 3. 我认为……