李仕才
考点一 名词性从句(宾语从句，表语从句) 1．宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(与物动词)、介词或形容词之后。
(1)作动词的宾语
①由that引导的宾语从句(that通常可以省略) Do you know(that) he has joined the army? 你知道他参军了吗？
②由what，whether(if)引导的宾语从句 She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么事。
注意：if引导的从句不能作介词的宾语。 ③动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句
She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她告诉我她会承受我的邀请的。 (2)作介词的宾语
It depends on whether you can do the work well. 这取决于你是否能把工作干好。
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word (3)作形容词的宾语
I'm sure that he will pass the exam. 我确信他会通过考试。
注意：①that引导的从句常跟在如下形容词后作宾语：anxious，aware，certain，confident，convinced，determined，glad，proud，surprised，worried，sorry，thankful，ashamed, disappointed，annoyed，pleased，satisfied，content等。
②it不仅可以作形式主语，还可以作形式宾语，而真正的宾语that从句如此放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。
We consider it necessary that he should improve his pronunciation. 他应当改良他的发音，我们认为这是有必要的。 (4)否认的转移
假设主句谓语动词为think，consider，suppose，believe，expect，fancy，guess，imagine等，其后的宾语从句假设含有否认意义，一般要把否认词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定形式。
I don't think this dress fits you well. 我认为你穿这件衣服不是很适宜。 2．表语从句
表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句。that引导表语从句，只起引导作用，不在从句中作成分。
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 问题是我把他的地址丢了。
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word 考点二 主语从句
1．英语中的主语从句在句中作主语，有以下两种结构： (1)主语从句位于句首。
What he wanted to see was an end to terrorism. 他想要看到的是恐怖主义的完毕。
(2)主语从句位于句尾，使用先行词it作形式主语。 It was right that the temple was rescued. 这座庙被拯救了，这是对的。
①当谓语是seem, appear, be a pity，be a wonder，be likely等时，一般使用形式主语it，而将真正的主语从句放在句尾。
It appeared to scientists on earth that the stars had moved.在地球上的科学家看来，这些星体已经移动了。
②在It is known...，It is said...，It is hoped...，It is believed...等惯用的被动结构中。
It is believed that before writing was developed, people in China used to keep records by putting a number of stones together.
人们相信，在文字发明之前，中国人靠把许多石头聚集在一起来做记录。
注意：当主语从句放在句尾而用形式主语时，形式主语只能用it，而不能使用this，that等代词。
2．主语从句的连接词可以分为以下三类： (1)that, whether(if)
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word 连接词that本身没有意义，不作句子成分，只表示从句的开始，位于句首时，that不能省略；whether(if)尽管不充当句子成分，但是含有“是否〞的意思，可以加上“or not〞，其语意不变。 whether和if也有不同的用法，如果主语从句位于句首如此必须用连接词whether，不用if。
Whether we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. 明天我们是否去野营取决于天气情况。
(2)what, who(m)，which, whose, when, where, why, how
在这一类连接词中，除了引导主语从句之外，在从句中又分别起代词、副词或形容词的作用，在从句中分别作主语、宾语、表语、状语和定语。
①what、who(m)、which为连接代词。
Who will do it doesn't matter.(连接代词who在从句中作主语) 谁去做这件事没关系。
What we need is more water.(连接代词what在从句中作need的宾语) 我们所需要的是更多的水。
Which of the two is better remains to be seen.
这两者中哪个更好还要再看。(连接代词which在从句中作主语) ②when, where, why, how为连接副词。
When we will start the work is an important question.
我们什么时候开始工作是个很重要的问题。(连接副词when在从句中作时间状语) Where the library is to be built has not been decided yet.
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word 这个图书馆要建在哪里还未决定。(连接副词where在从句中作地点状语) Why she was late for school is quite clear now.
她上学迟到的原因现在看来很清楚。(连接副词why在从句中作原因状语) ③whose, which, what为连接形容词。
Which plan is better will be announced later.
哪个计划更好，稍后会宣布。(连接形容词which在从句中作名词plan的定语) 考点三 同位语从句 1．定义
在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫作同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words(消息)，possibility等。
I had no idea that you were here.我不知道你在这里。
特别提示：有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
2．同位语从句的连接词
(1)由连接词that引导的同位语从句。此时的引导词只起连接作用，不在从句中作任何成分。
(2)由连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where，when, why, how引导的同位语从句。此时的引导词在从句中作相应的成分。
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word The question who should go abroad required consideration.(who作主语)谁该出国这个问题还需要考虑。
3．同位语从句应该注意的几个问题：
(1)表达“是否〞的概念时，要用whether而不用if引导同位语从句。
I have no idea whether you are interested in working for her.我不知道你是否愿意为她工作。
(2)分隔同位语从句：有时同位语从句与其先行词被其他成分隔开来，这种分隔主要出于修辞原因，即为了保持句子结构平衡。
His promise was along with the letter that he would visit me this coming Christmas.
信中他承诺在即将到来的圣诞节他会来拜访我。
(3)假设被同位语从句说明的名词是如下词语时，同位语从句的谓语常用“should＋do〞， should常常被省略。这些词有：建议advice, suggestion, proposal；要求demand，request, requirement；决定decision；命令order；劝告recommendation等。
The decision that a new bridge(should)be built has spread. 修建一座新桥的决定已经传开了。
(4)名词doubt(怀疑)后的同位语从句用whether引导；no doubt(不怀疑)之后的同位语从句用that引导。
There is no doubt that he will keep his promise. 他将遵守他的诺言，这一点是毫无疑问的。 考点四 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
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word 1．关系不同
同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。
The news that I have passed the exam is true. 我通过了考试这个消息是真的。
The news that he told me just now is true. 他刚刚告诉我的消息是真的。 2．关系词在句中是否做成分
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。(that在从句中不充当任何成分。) The idea that he gave surprises many people.他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。 (that在从句中作gave的宾语。)
3．从句是否有疑问的意义
Do you remember the day when I told you that I loved you? (when引导的从句不表示疑问，所以这是一个定语从句。) I have asked the question why it was true just now. (why引导的从句表示疑问，所以这是一个同位语从句。) 4．主语从句需注意的问题 (1)语序：连接词＋陈述句
主语从句和宾语从句等其他名词性从句一样要采用陈述句语序，而非疑问语序。
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word When we shall have our sports meet has not been decided. 什么时候开运动会还没定下来。 (2)时态与谓语动词的单复数
如果主句是过去的时态(包括一般过去时，过去进展时)，那么从句的时态一般要用相应的过去的某种时态。一个主语从句作主语，谓语动词一般用单数，但谓语动词用单数还是复数，不可一概而论，而要视句子的意义而定。
What I need is money.我所需要的是钱。 What I need are books.我所需要的是书。
如果由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。
When they will start and where they go have not been decided yet. 他们什么时候动身以与去哪里还没定下来。
When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided. 会议什么时间以与在哪里举行还没定下来。 (3)引导词that的省略
从属连词that无意义，不担当任何成分，只起引导作用，在单个宾语从句中的that可省略：
①引导主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句的连词that不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被选中了，这件事使我们非常高兴。
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word ②it作形式宾语的宾语从句中引导词that不可省略。 I think it necessary that you should read aloud. 我认为你有必要大声朗读。
5. if与whether引导主语从句的异同
如果用it作形式主语时，if可以引导主语从句，放在句末；如果主语从句放在句首时，不能用if引导，要用whether。
It is doubtful if he has received your letter. 他是否收到了你的信件令人怀疑。 Whether it is true remains a problem. 这件事是否真实还仍然是个问题。 6．whatever/whoever/whichever的功用
whatever/whoever/whichever在主语从句中不含疑问意义，引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。whatever＝anything that；whoever＝anyone who；whichever ＝ anything which。
Whoever breaks the law should be punished. ＝ Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 不管谁犯法都应受到惩罚。
牛刀小试
完成句子
1．You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is __where__I disagree.
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word 2．I think father would like to know __what__ I've been up to so far, so I decided to send him a quick note.
3．I've learnt __that,__no matter what happens and how bad __it__seems today, life goes on and it will be better tomorrow.
4．—It's wrong for a student to follow __whatever__his teachers say. —It's true.I can't agree more.
5．Determination is a kind of basic quality and is __what__it takes to do jobs well.
6.__What__ surprised me most was __that__ they had finished it so quickly. 7．It has been proved again and again __that__ frequent advertising increases product sales.
8．—It remains to be seen __whether__ the plan can be put into practice. —It depends on your determination.
9．If you take a job as a journalist, it goes without saying __that__ sometimes you'll have to work at weekends.
10．When I try to understand __what__ it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me __that__ there are quite a few causes.
11．The fact__that__she works hard is well known to us all.
12．I've come from the government with a message__that__the meeting won't be held tomorrow.
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word 13．A warm thought suddenly came to me __that__ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday.
14．I can't stand the terrible noise__that__she is crying loudly. 15．He often asked me the question__whether__the work was worth doing.
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