(Unit5)ET0 C In this age of instantaneous communications, it has become harder to hide wrongdoings： corrupt off!cials and business-people are now exposed by private whistle-blowers, government leaks, aggrieved competitors, and investigative reporters, publicity is an important deterrent because corruption can terminate careers, during the past year alone, scandals have brought down the prime minister of the Ukraine, the deputy president of south Africa, the leader of Brazil' s ruling party, key Kenyan government ministers, and the majority leader of the U. S. House of representatives, but systematic changes are necessary to ensure that corruption scandals stop repeating themselves like prurient TV show reruns. Leadership changes have occurred or are about to occur in key entities： the world bank, the OECD, the UN, transparency international, and the international chamber of commerce. The resulting set of new leaders should get together with NGOs and leaders from other key organiza tions, such as export-credi t en ti ties and interna tional law enforcement agencies, to map out a broad anti corrupt ion strategy and develop a consensus for near-term and middle-term action. 当前是一个信息即时交流的时代，要想掩盖恶行越来越难，因为眼下私人侦探、走漏政 府内部信息的人、愤愤不平的竞争对手以及那些刨根问底的记者们都会把那些贪污腐败 的官员和奸商暴露出来。由于腐化堕落会断送事业前程，所以曝光时一种重要的威慑力 量。仅去年一年，被丑闻拉下台的就有乌克兰总理、南非副总统、巴西执政党领袖、肯 尼亚政府的几名地位显赫的部长以及美国众议院多数党领袖。但是要确保腐败丑闻不会 像色情电视剧那样重复上演，就必须进行系统的改革。
领导层的变革在诸如世界银行、经济合作与发展组织、联合国、透明国际以及国际 商会等重点机构已经展开或者即将展开。改革后的新领导班子应该与非政府组织以及其 他重要机构(如出口信贷机构、国际执法部门等)领导人携手合作，以便制定全面的反 腐战略，就近期和中期行动达成共识。
(Unit 4 )C TOE al though boys and girls often play together, they spend most of their time in same-sex groups, boys and girls do play some games together, but their games are often quite different. young boys, says ages 8 through 12, tend to play outside the house rather than in the house, and they play in large groups that are hierarchically structured, a group of boys generally has a leader who tells the other boys who to do and how to do it. it is by gi ving orders and making the other boys play by rules that boys achieve higher or more dominant status in their play group.
而且是在在有等级结构中的大组中玩耍，这帮孩子中间会有一个孩子头，告诉别的男孩 做什么、怎么做。
E TO C_ Perhaps^it is_our_social^concept^of whatjLs^ f§^inine_and whatjsjnasculine that_reinforce^ the_stereotype^ that_woinen talk_aore_ than jnen^辿 也疋理竺也直WE妲TZSO/lC。她妙阻\"e a woman is labeled talkative or is criticized for interrupting if she does it at all, because our culture-as Well as many other cultures-teaches that women should be quite if they want to be feminine, perhaps masculine culture encourages boys and man to dominate talk and to interrupt more often, and males who talk a lot and interrupt often are not criticized for doing so. these differences in the patterns of communication and style of communicating are studied by experts who study the effects of gender on communication. they study these effects in order to understand why misunderstandings occur between men
and women in conversation. Often, it，s because their styles and patterns of conversation are so different, it is important that we learn to recognize these differences so that we can learn to communicate better with people of the other gender.
或连生起我但釣另丈社会理念如遂工丈冬世另多的述二樓或化印鑒乙基圭蚤致适些 丕同沒通注的出现。如果一个女人真的在别人说话时插嘴，她或许会被认为是话多， 或许会为此受到批评。因为我们的文化一还有其他很多文化一如此教导女性：她们如果 想要有女人味就必须文静。或许男性文化鼓励男孩和男人支配谈话并且更经常打断谈 话，而且健谈和频繁打斷话头的男性不会为此受到批评。研究性别对交流所产生的作用 的专家们针对沟通模式和沟通风格方面的这些差异进行探究，以便了解在男女对话中为 什么会产生误解。误解的产生常常是因为他们的对话风格和方式存在极大的差异。为了 能学会更好地和异性交流，我们有必要认识这些差异。
(Uni t3) CTO_E Using a dri ving Simula tor, some US researchers studied the dri ving of 40people. Some of them drove while talking on a cell phone, others navigated while drunk, and others drove with no such distractions or impairment. The results showed that there were three accidents in which the drivers were talking on cell phones —— all of them involving a rear-ending. The research has found that those talking on the phone while driving are more sluggish. In addition, talking on the cell phone can reduce reaction time by 9 percent in terms of braking and 19 percent in terms of picking up speed after braking.
美国的研究人员使用了一种模拟驾驶器，观察40名志愿者分别在手持手机通话驾驶、 酒后驾驶以及专心驾驶的过程。结果显示：共有三名志愿者发生追尾事故，司机当时均 在打手机的状态下。研究发现：无论手机是否处于免提状态，司机在通话状态下会放慢 车速。此外采取刹车措施的反应速度也会减慢9%,而刹车后加速的速度又会减慢19%。 (Unit2) E JO^C energy has a dual relationship with human well-being, for most of human history, man has been concerned mainly about the benefit side of the energy-well -being equation thanks to the low costs involved in energy use. h owe ver, with the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of unprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growth in per ca-pi ta demand of industrial energy forms, energy entails increasingly higher costs, both external and internalized, on the one hand, energy resources are reducing at an accelerating speed and energy supply requires higher input, on the other hand, the external costs seem more worrisome because energy use poses serious threats to public health and safety,keeps disrupting the global ecosystem, and may trigger large-scale mili tary conflict. 能源和利益有着双重关系。人类历史发展长河中，由于能源成本低廉。人们主要关注能 源和人类安康关系中有利的一面。然而、过去一百年以来，人口空前速度增长，引起了 能源需求的激增，同时，人均工业能源亦急剧增长，因此能源利用所需成本越来越高； 另一方面相比之下、外延成本更加令人忧虑，原因是能源利用严重威胁大众健康和安全， 不断破坏生态资源，并可能引起大规模军事冲突。
C TO E
以上各种因素究竟如何影响能源供应的资金成本难以量化，部分原因是许多非环境因素 实际上同环境因素互相交织在一起。比如造成施工延误的原因，不但有管理上的限制， 而且有工程、管理以及质量监控等方面的问题。然而在美国，
过去20年中由于环境影 响，石油产品供应的成本至少上升了 25%,而火电和核电生产的资金成本则上升了 40%, 甚至更多。
The various factors above how to affect the energy supply cost of capitai is difficult to quantify, partly because many non environmental factors in fact intertwined with each other with environment factors. Such as the cause of the construction de lays is not only limi ta ti on of management, but also engineering, management and quality control, etc. In the United States, however, in the past 20 years 9 due to environmental impact, the cost of oil products supply rose by 25%, while thermal power and nuclear power production cost of capital is increased at least by 40%, or even more. Unit 1 C TO E
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当你发表学术演讲时，首先要做好充分的准备；其次，你演讲的主要观点要明确，层次 要清楚。演讲时语速不要过快，语言要清晰。不要总在读你准备好的稿子。最后你应该 经常看下你的听众。这样，一方面你对你的听众表示尊重，另一方面你可以更顺利的进 行你的演讲。
First, before delivering academic speech, you should get well prepared；Second, the main point must be explicit and of Clear hierarchy . don' t be too fast, You should try to
eliminate clutter. You neednz t always reading prepared remarks. Finally , you should have a look at your audience, on the one hand , you show respect to your audience, on the other hand ； you can make your speech more smoothly. E TO C
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outlines are essential to effective speeches, by outlining,you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent 连贯的. 一致的■ you will probably use two kinds of outlines for your speeches-the detailed prepara ti on outline and bri ef speaking outline.
In preparation outline,you should state your specific purpose and central idea, and identify main points and sub-points using a consistent pattern, the speaking outline should consist of brief notes to help you while you deli ver the speech, it should contain key words or phrase to bolster your memory, in making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline, keep the speaking outline as brief as possible and be sure it is ^lainly^ legible .
提纲是必不可少的，对于一个有效的演讲来说。通过列提纲，你确定相关的想法一个到 另外一个连接在一起，你演讲的结构式连贯一致的。你可以有有两种方式，一种是详细 的，另外一种是简要的。
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