英语长难句子200句

英语长难句

1. For example, adolescent boys are more likely to buy computer games than any other group, so it makes sense to make computer game ads that appeal to this group. 【句式翻译】例如，进入青春期的男孩子就可能比任何其他人群更愿意购买电脑游戏，因此，针对这个目标群体制作有吸引力的电脑游戏广告是有意义的。

【句式分析】本句是一个含有so引导的结果状语从句的复合句，同时又含有一 个than引导的比较状语从句。

【词语点拨】1)likely adj. 可能的；常用于句型：sb/sth be likely to do= it is likely that… 可能做……

He’s very likely to send me an email tonight. =It’s very likely that he’ll send me an email tonight. 很可能他今晚会给我发电子邮件。

The company is likely to set up a branch in our city. =It’s likely that the company will set up a branch in our city.

这个公司可能要在我们的城市建立分公司。 2) make sense 有意义；讲得通；make sense of 理解 I can’t follow these instructions -- they don’t make sense. 我不理解这些指示--根本讲不通嘛。

We read the sentence through, but could not make sense of it. 我们我们把句子看了一遍, 但不明白它说些什么。

3) appeal to吸引；appeal to sb. for sth/appeal to sb. to do sth 呼吁某人干某事；求助于 Blue and red appeal to me, but I don’t like gray or yellow. 我喜欢蓝色和红色, 而不喜欢灰色或黄色。 Jack sincerely appealed to his friends to support him. 杰克真切地向朋友请求支持。

We can appeal to the website for the information we need. 我们可以在网上查找我们需要的信息。

【语法点拨】本句中的 than any other…，意为“比其他任何一个……”，所谈 论的对象在比较的范围之内；若不在范围之内，则不用 other。如： China is larger than any other country in Asia. 中国比亚洲任何别的国家都大。 China is larger than any country in Africa.

中国比非洲的任何国家都大。

2. The more exposed young people are to financial issues, and the younger they become aware

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of them, the more likely they are to become responsible, forward-planning adults who manage their finances confidently and effectively.

【句式翻译】年轻人越接触经济问题，他们就能越早地了解这些问题，他们就更有可能成为有责任感的、早作打算的成年人，能够有信心地、有效地管理自己的经济问题。 【句式分析】本句含有“the+比较级，the+比较级”的句式，同时又含有一个who引导的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词adults。

【词语点拨】1) expose vt.揭露；使暴露；be exposed to暴露于；接触 We must expose this shameful activity to the newspapers. 我们一定要向报社揭露这一无耻行径。

We should allow children to be exposed to new ideas. 我们应当让孩子们接触新思想。

2）manage v.应付，设法对付；管理；能解决；manage to do设法做成 We need people who are good at managing. 我们需要擅长管理的人。

He managed to send the tourists to the airport in time. 他设法把游客及时送到机场。

Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water if they are not managed carefully. 如果掌控小帆船不够小心，它们在水中就容易翻。

【语法点拨】“the+比较级，the+比较级”，表示“越……越……”。如： The more we get together, the happier we’ll be. 我们越是多聚会, 我们越快乐。

The longer she worked at it, the more enthusiastic she became.

她越干越来劲。

3. She found that kids praised for “trying hard” did better on testes and were more likely to take on difficult assignments than those praised for being “smart”.

【句式翻译】她发现因为努力被表扬的孩子比因为聪明被表扬的孩子在考试中表现得更好，更愿意承担困难的任务。

【句式分析】本句含有一个than引导的比较状语从句。 【词语点拨】take on 承担；呈现

He is always ready to take on heavy responsibilities. 他一向乐于挑重担。

The chameleon can take on the colour of its background. 变色龙可呈现出与其背景相同的颜色。

【语法点拨】当我们要对两个人或物进行比较时，就采用比较级，比较级的构成：形容词

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或副词的比较级+than+比较成分，意思是：“更……些”或“较……”。Deeds are better than words when people are in need of help. 当别人需要帮助时，行动胜于语言。

In a word, practice is far more important than book knowledge. 一句话，实践远比书本知识重要。

4. Perhaps more importantly, the better you are at managing the time you devote to your studies, the more time you will have to spend on your outside interests.

【句式翻译】也许更重要的是，你越善于管理你的学习时间，你就会有更多的时间用在你课外的兴趣上。

【句式分析】本句含有“the+比较级，the+比较级”的句式，同时含有两个非限制性定语从句，分别修饰先行词the time和the more time。

【词语点拨】1) devote vt.献身；专心于；常接time/money/energy/life/oneself作宾语，构成短语be devoted to=devote oneself to献身于，致力于；to为介词，后面接名词、代词或者动名词。

Lang Lang devoted a lot of time to playing the piano even when he was a little child. 郎朗小时候就把很多时间都用来弹钢琴。

After her marriage, the singer couldn’t devote herself totally to her music. 结婚之后这个歌手无法全力倾注于音乐。

2）spend some money/ time on sth=spend some money/time (in) doing sth表示“花费(时间、金钱等)做某事”，其中的介词in可以省略。

Every day, most of the students in this school spend three hours on their homework. 这所学校大多数学生每天花三个小时做家庭作业。

It is bad for children to spend a lot of time playing computer games. 用很多时间玩电脑游戏对孩子是有害的。

【语法点拨】“the+比较级，the+比较级”，表示“越……越……”，具体用法参见第2句。 5. He worked there through his school and university years until 1942, a year after he had gained a Master’s degree at university in chemistry.

【句式翻译】他读中学和大学的那段时间都在那里工作，一直到1942年，也就是他在大学里获得化学硕士学位后的那一年。

【句式分析】本句含有一个after引导的时间状语从句，从句中运用了过去完成时态。 【词语点拨】gain vt.（经过努力）获得，取得 We gain knowledge by practicing again and again. 我们从反复训练中获取知识。

They realized that passing the exam was no longer enough to gain a place at university.

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他们认识到仅仅通过这个考试，并不能确保在大学获得一席之位。

【语法点拨】过去完成时的构成：had done，表示“过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before, after等构成的短语，也可用when, before等引导的从句或通过上下文表示。如： His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the gift he had long expected. 当她终于收到她盼望已久的礼物时，她兴奋得两眼闪光。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. 12岁时，爱迪生就开始自己谋生。

6. By the end of the century, we will have discovered other places in our solar system suitable for living and we will have discovered ways to go further into space. 【句式翻译】到本世纪末，我们将会在太阳系中发现其他适合人类居住的星球，并将发现进行更远空间探索的方法。 【句式分析】本句是由并列连词and连接的复合句，句中运用了将来完成时态。 【词语点拨】suitable adj.合适的，适当的；构成短语：be suitable for适合…… They don’t think this article is suitable for publication. 他们认为这篇文章不宜发表。

John wanted to change over to a more suitable job. 约翰想换一个更加适合的工作。

【语法点拨】将来完成时的构成：will/shall have done，表示“到将来某一时间为止已经完成的动作”。常与by + 将来时间，before+将来时间和by the time 引导的表示将来时间的从句连用。如：

He will have finished writing his novel by the end of next year. 到明年年底他就会写完他的小说了。 When we get there，she’ll have gone to work. 我们到那里时她会已上班去了。

7. In today’s world, winners are celebrated and treated as heroes, but if doping and gene-therapy continue to affect the outcomes of major sporting events, the word “hero” will have lost all meaning.

【句式翻译】在当今世界，人们祝贺获胜者，并把他们看作英雄，但如果服用兴奋剂和基因治疗继续影响着主要体育项目的成绩的话，“英雄”就失去了它的全部意义。

【句式分析】本句是由并列连词but连接的复合句，第二个分句运用了将来完成时，同时，包含有一个if引导的条件状语从句。 【词语点拨】1) celebrate vt.庆祝

The whole city celebrated the New Year with fireworks. 全城放焰火来庆祝新年。

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2) affect vt.影响，感动

I told him firmly that his opinion will not affect my decision. 我坚定的告诉他，他的观点不会影响我的决定。 The audience present was deeply affected by his speech. 在场的听众都被他的演讲深深地打动了。 【语法点拨】将来完成时, 具体用法参见第6句。

8. One of the earliest epidemics on record happened about 500-550 AD when the Roman emperor at the time was attempting to rebuild the Roman Empire.

【句式翻译】历史上有记载的最早的传染病之一发生在公元500-550年，当时的罗马皇帝正在试图重建罗马帝国。

【句式分析】本句包含一个when引导的限制性定语从句，从句中运用了过去进行时。 【词语点拨】attempt v.& n.尝试，试图

William attempted to find the solution to the problem. 威廉试图找到问题的解决办法。

He was nearly drowned in the attempt to swim across. 他在试图游到对岸去时差一点被淹死。

【语法点拨】过去进行时的构成：was/were doing，表示“过去某个时间正在进行的动作”。常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。如：

What was he writing all day last Sunday? 上周日他一整天都在写什么？

My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我哥哥骑自行车的时候从车上摔下来受伤了。

9. The last few years have seen environmental disasters on a grand scale, and experts are predicting far worse to come.

【句式翻译】最近的几年里，人们见证了大规模的环境灾难，专家们预测更为严重的灾难即将发生。

【句式分析】本句是由并列连词and连接的复合句，第一个分句运用了现在完成时。 【词语点拨】on a grand scale大规模地，大张旗鼓地 We should popularize science on a grand scale. 我们应该大规模普及科学。

【语法点拨】现在完成时的构成：has/have done，常表示“某一动作或状态发生在过去，对现在有影响”，也可表示“持续到现在的动作或状态”。常用的时间状语：for或since引导的时间状语及before, until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment, in the last few years

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等。如：

We have booked a room for today and tomorrow. 我们已经预订了今天和明天的房间。 The house has been empty for ages.

这幢房子已经空了相当长时间了。（现在仍空着）

10. In the last few decades, scientists have reached consensus and reported that human beings are causing changes in the Earth’s climate -- something previously seen as beyond our control. 【句式翻译】最近几十年，科学家们达成共识并报道说，人类正在引起地球的气候变化—而这在以前看来是我们不能控制的。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，含有一个that引导的宾语从句，主句中运用了现在完成时。 【词语点拨】1) reach (a) consensus 达成共识，达成一致意见 It is very difficult for them to reach a consensus on this issue. 他们在这个问题上很难取得一致意见。 2) beyond prep. 超过；越过；在…较远的一边

The delay was caused by heavy weather and was beyond our control. 延迟是由恶劣天气造成的，我们无法控制。 The beauty of the scene was beyond compare. 景色之美无与伦比。

Linda always wondered what was beyond the horizon. 琳达总是纳闷着地平线的那一边是什么。

【语法点拨】现在完成时，具体用法参见第10句。

11. Treatments for jellyfish stings and snakebites have also been developed and in the last five years there have been only three deaths from jellyfish stings and about the same number from snakebites.

【句式翻译】治疗水母刺伤和毒蛇咬伤方法也已经研制成功，在过去的五年里只有三人死于水母刺伤，这与被蛇咬伤致死的人数大体相同。

【句式分析】本句是由并列连词and连接的复合句，第一个分句运用了现在完成时的被动语态。

【词语点拨】develop v.开发，发展，研制（新产品） Over the last few years tourism here has developed considerably. 在过去几年里，这里的旅游业获得了相当大的发展。 The two companies have teamed up to develop a new racing car. 那两个公司已合作研制新型赛车。

【语法点拨】现在完成时的被动语态的结构就是现在完成时态和被动语态的结构的叠合，

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即：has/have been done，表示“过去发生的动作对现在有影响或持续到现在，并且主语与谓语动词之间为被动关系”。常用的时间状语：for或since引导的时间状语及before, until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment, in the last few years等。如： The office looks nice. It has just been cleaned. 办公室看起来很干净。它刚被打扫过。 The machine has been repaired for two hours. 这台机器已修了两小时了。

12. Adverts are not only made and paid for by business, but also by individuals, organizations and associations that wish to inform or educate the public. 广告不仅【句式翻译】广告可由商家付费制作，也可以由想给公众传达某种信息或教育公众的个人、组织或协会来出资制作。 【句式分析】本句是由并列连词not only…but also连接的复合句，第一个分句运用了一般现在时的被动语态。

【词语点拨】inform vt.通知，告知；构成短语：inform sb of sth通知某人某事 I shall inform you soon of the date of my arrival. 我将把我到达的日期通知你。

I regret to inform you that I am unable to help you. 我遗憾地告诉你我没法帮助你。

【语法点拨】一般现在时的被动语态的构成：is/are done。表示“现在经常性、习惯性的动作，并且主语与谓语动词之间为被动关系”。 A lot of food is wasted every year. 每年浪费掉很多食物。

Millions of tons of waste and poisonous gases are sent into the air with the smoke. 数百万吨的废气和毒气随着烟尘散发到空中。

13. Margaret, married with two small children, has been working for the last seven years as a night cleaner, cleaning offices in a big building.

【句式翻译】玛格丽特，已婚，带着两个孩子，七年来一直在做清洁工，晚上给一座大楼里的办公室打扫卫生。

【句式分析】本句是简单句，运用了现在完成进行时，包含有两个非谓语短语，married with…在句中作后置定语，cleaning offices作伴随状语。 【词语点拨】marry v. (使)结婚；嫁；娶

Because of her beauty, she has managed to marry above her. 由于貌美，她得以嫁给一个地位比她高的人。

I'm sure Jack was sincere when he said he wanted to marry you. 我相信杰克说想娶你是真心的。

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They got married to each other against their parents’ wishes. 他俩的结合违背了各自父母的愿望。

【语法点拨】现在完成进行时的构成：has/have been doing。表示“一个动作从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去”。如： You have been sitting in front of that computer too long. 你在电脑前坐的时间太长了。

No wonder he is so tired. He has been working all day. 难怪他这么累，他工作一天了。

14. Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s, genetically modified (GM 转基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the world, mainly on the basis of their promise to end the worldwide food crisis.

【句式翻译】自从二十世纪九十年代早期首次投入市场以来，转基因食物就不断地在很多国家开发和销售，主要是基于想要结束世界粮食危机。

【句式分析】本句是一个含有since引导的时间状语从句的复合句，have been developed and marketed…是现在完成时的被动语态形式。

【词语点拨】basis n. 基础；构成短语：on the basis of 以……为基础 Don’t evaluate a person on the basis of appearance. 不要以相貌取人。

Mr. Smith goes to the gym on a regular basis. 史密斯先生定期去健身房。

【语法点拨】现在完成时的被动语态，具体用法参见第11句。

15. At nine o’clock on Saturday morning, I’ll be sitting in the front row and listening to the great professor Willard talking about the future of my brain.

【句式翻译】星期六上午九点钟，我将会坐在前排，聆听伟大的威拉德教授谈论大脑的未来发展。

【句式分析】本句是简单句，运用了将来进行时，含有一个复合宾语的结构，talking about…在句中作宾补。

【词语点拨】listen vi. 听（后面常接介词to） Whatever you said, he simply wouldn’t listen. 你怎么说他也不听.

We’re going to listen to a report this afternoon. 今天下午我们要去听报告。

【语法点拨】将来进行时的构成：will be doing，表示“将来某一时间正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时间开始，并继续下去的动作”。常用延续性动词,常用来表示礼貌的询

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问、请求等。如：

The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs. 部长将就国际事务发表演讲。

Please don’t call me between 8:00 and 10:00 tomorrow. I’ll be having my classes then. 明天8点到10点之间请不要给我打电话，我那时正在上课。

16. The recent case of an American women, Terri Schiavo, whose husband won a legal battle to have her taken off life support machines after she spent 15 years in a coma-like state, has exposed the many sensitive legal and medical issues that surround the care of coma patients. 【句式翻译】最近一位美国妇女Terri Schiavo的案例已经暴露出许多关于对昏迷病人的护理的敏感的司法和医学问题，她的丈夫打赢了一场官司，在她在昏迷状态下度过15年之后，把她与她的生命供应机切断了。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，主语是The recent case，谓语是has exposed，关系代词whose在句中引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Terri Schiavo；关系代词that在句中引导一个限制性定语从句，修饰先行词issues，taken off在句中作宾补。 【词语点拨】1) sensitive adj.敏感的；易受影响的

A baby is sensitive to the slightest changes in its mother’s voice. 婴儿对母亲声音的最细小变化都很敏感。 My teeth are really sensitive to hot and cold. 我的牙齿对冷热真地很敏感。 2) surround vt. 包围；环绕, 围绕

You will discover that you are surrounded by happiness. 你会发现，幸福其实就是在你身边。

The video images made the visitors feel they were surrounded with wild life. 这些图像给参观者产生身处野生动物之中的感觉。

【语法点拨】have sth done有三种含义：1)请别人做某事，相当于get sth done 2)遭受一种不幸3)完成某项工作；在这一结构中，done做宾补，和宾语sth之间是被动关系。如： We had the computer repaired immediately. 我们立刻请人把电脑修好了。 I had my watch stolen last night. 昨晚我的手表被偷了。

另外，have sb do...让某人去做……，have sb doing让一直做……；在这两个结构中，do和doing和宾语之间都是主动关系。如：

I would have my friend wait for me at the gate of the park. 我要朋友在公园门口等我。

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The two men had their lights burning all night long. 那两个人让灯通宵亮着。

17. The court gave their approval for the life support machines to be turned off and while this ruling left Terri’s parents feeling numb and others claiming that life is sacred, which no one has the right to end, many would say it was the right thing to do for Terri.

【句式翻译】法院批准把生命供养机关掉，虽然此项裁决使得Terri的父母感到吃惊，而且使其他人声称生命是神圣的，没有人有权力将其终止，但是许多人都会说这对Terri来说是一件正确的事情。

【句式分析】本句是复合句,while引导让步状语从句，that引导宾语从句，which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词life，feeling numb和claiming宾补，it在句中代替to do for…作形式主语。

【词语点拨】1)approval n.批准；同意，赞成 The plan had the approval of the school authorities. 计划得到学校当局的认可。

We expected our plan to meet with approval. 我们希望计划能得到批准。 2)approve v.同意，赞成

Her father will never approve of her marrying such a lazy fellow. 她父亲永远不会赞成她嫁给这样的懒人。

【语法点拨】1)leave sb doing 让/使某人做……，doing在这个结构中作宾补，和宾语sb是主动关系。如果宾语和宾补是被动关系，用leave …done。如： Repeated failure had left them feeling very discouraged. 三番五次的失败使他们情绪非常低落。 His reply left us all rather confused. 他的答复我们都搞糊涂了。

2）动词不定式或主语从句作主语时，为了保持句子结构的平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语置于句末。it没有具体意义。如： It is a pity that he should refuse my invitation. 他竟然拒绝了我的邀请，真是遗憾！

Is it difficult to understand the English program. 理解这个英语节目难吗？

18. Edmonds is the first African American ever to work as a full-time speechwriter for a U.S. president; he is also the first African American to serve as director of speechwriting for the White House.

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【句式翻译】埃德蒙兹是第一个非洲裔美国人作为全职演讲撰稿人为美国总统工作。他也是第一位非洲裔美国人作为演讲撰稿人总监为白宫工作。

【句式分析】本句包含有两个由分号分隔开的分句,不定式短语to work…和to serve…都作定语，修饰the first African American。 【词语点拨】serve v. 服务；用作；端上 We found that birch bark could serve as paper. 我们发现桦树皮可以作纸用。

Air hostesses all smile when they serve the passengers. 空姐们为乘客服务时总是满脸笑容。

Please clear your books away so that I can serve dinner. 请把你的书收拾一下以便我端上饭菜。

【语法点拨】动词不定式可以放在表示次序的词the first, the last等后面以及the only, the very, the right等词后面作定语, 且与这些词有逻辑上的主谓关系。结构为：the first/last /only/very/right/best/youngest ...+n./pron. + to do sth，表示“第一个/最后一个/唯一的/恰好的/合适的/最好的/最年轻的……做某事的人/物”。 如： The last man to leave the sinking ship was the captain. 最后一个离开正在下沉的船的那个人是船长。

New Zealand was the first nation in modern times to allow women to vote. 新西兰成为现代史上第一个允许妇女有选举权的国家。

19. The Olympic spirit -- the spirit of competition which emphasizes taking part rather than winning -- has been violated by the desire to succeed at all costs.

【句式翻译】奥林匹克精神—强调参与而不是取胜的竞技精神—已经被为成功而不惜一切代价的愿望所亵渎。

【句式分析】本句是复合句,which引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词spirit，to succeed修饰desire，作定语。

【词语点拨】rather than 与其；不愿；而不是。用于连接两个并列成分，连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与rather than 前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致 Tom rather than his friends has been chosen. 是汤姆而不是他的朋友们被选中。

The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap. 与其说她买的这件羊毛衫便宜不如说它漂亮。 I decided to send an e-mail rather than telephone. 我决定发邮件而不是打电话。

【语法点拨】有些名词后常跟不定式作定语，如：time, way, right, reason, effort, chance,

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movement, ability, desire, tendency等。如： Thank you for giving me a chance to make a speech. 谢谢你给我发言的机会。

Mr. Green has the ability to bring out the best in others. 格林先生能做到扬人之长。

20. When you set out to do something different, there’s no end in sight, so to find myself in a position where I now have my own name on a contract of the publisher -- to be a published writer -- is unbelievably rewarding.

【句式翻译】当着手去做不同的事情，看不到结果，所以，发现自己的名字写在出版商的合同上—要成为一个出版作家—是令人难以置信的回报。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，包含有三个从句，when引导时间状语从句，so引导结果状语从句，where引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词position，to find …在句中作主语。 【词语点拨】rewarding adj. 值得的；有报酬的

So far my time with these children has been very rewarding. 到目前为止,我和这些孩子们度过的时光非常有价值。 Government service can be a rewarding and secure career. 政府部门的工作可以很有回报，很有保障。

【语法点拨】动词不定式可以作主语，位于句首。如果动词不定式短语过长，为了避免句子头重脚轻，可用 it 作形式主语，而将真正的主语动词不定式短语后置，具体用法参见第17句。如：

To obey the law is the duty of everybody. 遵守法律人人有责。

To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness in the world. 爱人和被人爱是这个世界上最大的幸福。

21. To really develop empathy, you’d better volunteer at a nursing home or a hospital, join a club or a team that has a diverse membership, have a“sharing circle”with your family, or spend time caring for pets at an animal shelter.

【句式翻译】要真正开发同理心，你最好在养老院或医院做志愿者，加入一个有多样化的会员的俱乐部或团队，与你的家人有一个“共享圈”，或者在动物收容所照顾宠物。 【句式分析】本句是复合句，that引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a club or a team，volunteer, join, have和spend是并列的谓语动词，To really develop…在句中作目的状语。 【词语点拨】volunteer v. 志愿 n. 志愿者

Some graduates volunteer to work in the countryside. 一些大学生自愿到农村去。

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She now helps in a local school as a volunteer three days a week. 目前她在当地的一家学校做志愿工作，一周去3天。

【语法点拨】不定式to do可以作目的状语（其否定形式：not to do），相当于in order to do和so as to do (so as to do只能放在句中，不能位于句首)。如： One should get enough exercise to keep healthy. 为了维持身体健康，一个人要有足够的锻炼。

To find a better job, a lot of people choose to go to the big cities. 为了找份更好的工作，很多人愿意到大城市去。

22. Proudly reading my words, I glanced around the room, only to find my classmates bearing big smiles on their faces and tears in their eyes.

【句式翻译】自豪地阅读我写的内容时，我环顾整个房间，却发现我的同学笑得眼泪都要流出来了。

【句式分析】本句是简单句，包含有三个非谓语短语，reading my words 和only to find…分别作时间状语和结果状语，bearing…作宾补。

【词语点拨】glance vi瞥；浏览；后面常跟at, through, over等介词 I picked up the phone book and glanced through it. 我拿起电话簿，匆匆扫了一遍。 He glanced at his watch and left the room. 他匆匆看了一下手表，离开了房间。

【语法点拨】动词不定式作结果状语时，通常表示出乎意料的结果，常被just或only修饰，置于句末，用逗号和句子分开。如：

I went to the classroom, only to find nobody there. 我去了教室，却没有见到一个人。

He rushed to the door, only to discover that it was locked and barred. 他冲到门边, 却发现门已被锁死了。

23. At 12 years old she won a Guinness Record when she became the youngest female to win the women’s world title for platform diving at the World Championships in Australia in 1991. 【句式翻译】1991年，12岁的伏明霞就获得了一项吉尼斯纪录，当时她参加了在澳大利亚举行的跳台跳水世界锦标赛，成为最年轻的女子世界冠军。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，when在句中引导状语从句，to win the women's world title…作定语，修饰the youngest female。

【词语点拨】championship n.冠军称号；锦标赛 We are proud for you to win the championship. 我们为你赢得冠军而骄傲。

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All the gold medals for the championship fell to the team. 本届锦标赛的所有金牌都被这个队夺得。

【语法点拨】动词不定式作定语，具体用法参见第18句。

24. To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.

【句式翻译】把酒精从体内消除是个缓慢的过程，也不可能通过任何措施如洗澡或喝杯茶或咖啡来加速其消除的过程。

【句式分析】本句是由并列连词and连接的复合句，To get rid of alcohol和to speed it up在句中都作主语。

【词语点拨】1)get rid of 摆脱；除去

How to get rid of air pollution is still a big problem. 如何清除空气污染仍然是个大问题。

2)measure n. 尺寸；措施；手段 vt. & vi. 测量；有……长（宽、高等） A clock measures time. 钟是用来计量时间的。

This room measures ten metres across. 这个房间宽十米。

Mr. Smith asked the tailor to make some new clothes to his own measure. 史密斯先生要求裁缝照他的尺寸做新衣服。

We must take measures to prevent the water from being polluted. 我们必须采取措施防止水被污染。

【语法点拨】动词不定式作主语：具体用法参见第20句。

25. Having identified the target group, researchers find out as much as possible about those in the target group, such as their likes and dislikes, and how the product would fit into their lives. 【句式翻译】明确了广告的目标群体后，研究人员就会尽量获取这个群体的有关信息，例如他们的好恶，以及如何使产品适应他们的生活。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，how在句中引导定语从句，Having identified the target group是现在分词的完成形式作状语。 【词语点拨】identify vt. 识别，认出

Could you identify your bike among a hundred others. 你能从100自行车中认出你的那一辆吗？

The bad weather is identified as the possible cause of the accident. 坏天气被认为可能导致了这个事故。

【语法点拨】having done可以作状语，此时，它代表的动作发生在句子谓语动作之前，它

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的逻辑主语和句子的主语一致。如： Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam. 由于没有尽最大努力，他这次考试没能通过。

Having known the situation well, they could deal with the problem efficiently. 由于对形势的深刻了解，他们有效地处理了问题。

26. Having heard wolves howling in the forest, Lala accelerated her walk up the path to the caves fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her.

【句式翻译】拉拉沿着回洞穴的路走着，听到狼群在森林里嚎叫，她的步伐加快了，担心会有野兽在等者伏击她。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，that引导宾语从句，Having heard 和fearing…在句中作状语。 【词语点拨】1)accelerate v. 加快，加速

In order to catch up with and surpass the advanced world levels we’ll have to accelerate our speed.

要赶超世界先进水平，我们还得快马加鞭。

Sunshine, fresh air, and rest often accelerate a person's recovery from sickness. 阳光 、 新鲜空气和休息常会促使病人早日康复。 2)lie vi.平躺；位于（lay, lain）；撒谎（lied, lied）；n.撒谎 The factory lies to the west of town. 工厂在小镇的西边。

David felt tired, so he went and lay down for a rest. 戴维感到疲劳，所以去躺下休息了。 His books lay open on the desk when I went in. 我进去时，发现他的书平摊在书桌上。 Richard wasn’t telling the truth. He was lying. 理查德没讲实话，他在撒谎。

The only way to meet the manager is to lie in wait for him as he leaves one of his meetings. 找到这个经理的唯一办法是，等着他从会议结束出来。 【语法点拨】1)having done作状语：具体用法参见第25句。 2）现在分词作状语：

①现在分词doing所代表的动作或状态与谓语动词是同时或几乎是同时发生的，可以作时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步、伴随等状语。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如：

Rushing out of the house, he was knocked down by a car. 他一冲出屋子就被一辆车撞倒了。

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My cousin went to Shenzhen, hoping to find a job there. 我表兄去深圳了，希望在那儿找份工作。 The child fell，striking his head against the door. 小孩摔了一跤，头在门上碰了一下。

In the last few years, the country has had a hard time, suffering several killer quakes. 过去几年里，这个国家经历了艰难的时期，遭受了几次致命的地震。 Being spring, the flowers are in full bloom. 因为是春天，所以花都盛开着。

②有些分词作状语，没有逻辑上的主语，已成为习惯用法：considering, judging from, talking of, allowing for(考虑到), generally/frankly/honestly/roughly/strictly speaking, assuming that（假设）等。如：

Talking of this film, it’s wonderful. 说到这部电影，好极了。

Assuming that it is true, what should we do now? 假定那是真的, 我们现在该怎麽办?

Judging by the direction of the wind, it won’t rain today. 根据风向测度, 今天不会下雨。

Social psychology, strictly speaking, deals with the behavior of people in groups. 严格地说, 社会心理学研究人们的群体行为。

27. Having scared the little beings, I began struggling to get loose and managed to break the strings that tied my left arm and slightly moved the strings that tied down my hair.

【句式翻译】吓跑了小人，我开始挣扎以使绳子松开，终于挣断了绑着左臂的绳子，并轻轻地解开绑着头发的绳子。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，两个that在从句中都引导定语从句，修饰先行词the strings，Having scared…在句中作状语，to break…作manage的宾语。 【词语点拨】struggle vi. 搏斗; 挣扎；争取 n.打斗；挣扎；斗争

The climbers struggled against the strong wind and finally reached the top of the mountain. 登山者在强风中艰难的行走，最终到达山顶。 They struggled to get out of the burning building. 他们艰难地逃离了着火的大楼。

With a struggle, I managed to control my feelings. 经过一番斗争，我把情绪控制住了。

【语法点拨】1)having done作状语，具体用法参见第25句。

2)不定式to do常跟在下列动词后作宾语：ask, agree, beg, begin, start, wish, choose, decide,

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expect, fail, hope, manage, seek, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, would/should like等。如：

His parents choose to live in the countryside. 他的父母决意在乡下居住。

We agreed to meet here, but so far she hasn’t turned up yet. 我们约定在这里见面，但是到现在她还没露面。 Would you like to go and have a picnic with us tomorrow? 明天和我们一起去野餐好吗？

28. Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months, with a tendency to strike the young and fit rather than the old, the Spanish Flu is believed to have been the most acute epidemic in history.

【句式翻译】西班牙流感在十八个月内夺去了五千万人的生命，该病似乎专门袭击年轻力壮的人，而不是老迈长者，被认为是历史上最严重的一次传染病。

【句式分析】本句是简单句，包含有一个句式：be believed to do/be 被认为做……/是……，Having killed…在句中作状语，to strike…作定语，修饰tendency。

【词语点拨】strike vt. 攻（袭）击；打，打动； (钟)敲响报(时); 使突然想起 n.打击；罢工

Snowstorms often strike that area in winter. 冬天暴风雪常常袭击那个地区。 Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。

The clock struck twelve. 钟敲十二点。

I was struck by the beauty of the West Lake. 我被西湖的美景给迷住了。

It suddenly struck me that I ought to make a new plan. 我突然想到, 我应该制订一个新的方案。

The bus drivers have been on strike for several days. 公共汽车司机罢工好几天了。

【语法点拨】1）(sth/sb)be believed to do/be 被认为做……/是……= It is/ was believed that…，在这个句式中，不定式作主语补足语，可以代替believe用于这个句式的动词还有：say, suppose, think, know, report等。如：

Do you know why Friday is believed to be an unlucky day? 你知道为什么星期五被认为是不吉利的日子吗？

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The old castle was believed to have ghosts living in it for many years. 多年来人们一直相信这座古堡里面居住着幽灵。

The great pyramid is believed to have been built over a 20-year period. 人们认为建造这座大金字塔花去了20多年的时间。

Yao Ming is thought to be one of the best basketball players in the world. 姚明被认为是世界上最棒的篮球运动员之一。 2）having done作状语，具体用法参见第25句。 3）to do作定语，具体用法参见第19句。

29. I don’t know what your expectations are of London, but knowing that you’ve never travelled outside of Asia, I thought I’d tell you a bit about what you can expect to find. 【句式翻译】我不知道您对伦敦有什么期望，但我知道您从未到过亚洲以外的地方旅行，所以，我想告诉你一点关于你期望找到的东西。

【句式分析】本句是有并列连词but连接的复合句,同时包含有四个从句，what your expectations are…，that you’ve never travelled…，I’d tell you和what you can…都是宾语从句；knowing…和to find…在句中分别作主语和宾语。 【词语点拨】expect v.期望；预期

You can’t expect to succeed if you attempt tasks above your ability. 如果你要做能力达不到的事，就别指望成功。

The beauties of the West Lake in spring were beyond his expectation. 西湖的春景要比他所预想的更加美丽。 【语法点拨】1）doing可以作主语：

①很多情况下，相当于to do，有时也可用it 作形式主语。常用doing作主语的句型： It is no good/use doing…做……没用 It is useless doing…做……没用 It is worthwhile doing…做……是值得的

It is useless trying to persuade Miss Li to accept our advice. 劝说李小姐接受我们的建议是没有用的。

②如果doing有自己的逻辑主语，doing前可以用形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格来修饰。如：

Tom’s/his coming late made the manager very angry. 汤姆/他来晚了让经理很生气。

③to do和doing做主语的区别：to do常表示具体的某一动作; doing表示泛指或一般的抽象的概念时，多用动名词。如：

Bicycling is a good exercise; moreover, it doesn’t pollute the air.

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骑自行车是很好的运动; 而且还不污染环境。 2）不定式to do作宾语：具体用法参见第27句。

30. The best way to get rid of a negative serf-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities.

【句式翻译】摆脱负面的自我形象的最好办法是意识到你的形象远远不是客观的，同时主动地使你相信自己的积极的品质。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，that your image is…是宾语从句，to get rid of…在句中作定语，to realize… 和to actively convince…是并列成分，作表语。 【词语点拨】far from 远离；远非，远远不是 The work he did yesterday is far from perfect. 他昨天做的的工作远非十全十美。

Far from relieving my cough, the medicine made it worse. 这药非但不镇咳，反而使我咳嗽得更厉害。 2）convince vt. 使信服；常用于以下结构： ①convince sb of sth 使某人相信某事。如：

You need to convince your boss of your ability to do the job. 你需要让你的老板相信你有做这份工作的能力。 ②convince sb to do 说服某人做某事

It took me a long time to convince him to go with me. 我用了很长时间才说服他和我一起去。 ③convince sb+that从句 使某人相信

I managed to convince my friend that I didn’t mean to hurt him. 我设法使朋友相信我不想伤害他。

【语法点拨】1）不定式to do作定语：具体用法参见第19句。 2）不定式to do作表语： ① 说明主语的具体内容。如：

My only wish is to do something for the public. 我唯一的愿望是为公众做些事。 ② 表示不可避免将要发生的事。如：

The discovery is to have a great effect on our life. 这个发现将对我们的生活产生重大影响。

③不定式作表语，且主语部分有all, what, only或是最高级形容词修饰的名词和实义动词do时，作表语的不定式可省去to。如： All you need to do now is have a good rest.

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现在你所需要的是好好休息。

31. In setting out its plans for a five-term year, Nottingham City Council is seeking to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks, with a more balanced five terms of roughly eight weeks, each followed by a two-week break.

【句式翻译】诺丁汉城市委员会设立了一个计划，将一学年划分为五学期，并将暑假的时间减少为四周半，这样一来，五个学期均有八周的时间，每个学期之后都有两周的休息时间。

【句式分析】本句是简单句，Nottingham City Council作主语，is seeking作谓语，each followed by a two-week break是独立主格结构，setting out…和to reduce…在句中宾语。 【词语点拨】1) seek vt. & vi.寻找；探索；寻求；固定短语：seek for 寻找；寻求；seek after寻求

Richard sought to speak to her. 理查德寻找机会与她说话。

We sought an answer to the question, but couldn’t find one. 我们寻求这个问题的答案，可是没能找到。 Most men seek for wealth; all men seek for happiness. 大多数人都追求财富; 但所有的人都希望获得幸福。 One mustn’t only seek after comfort, personal fame and gains. 一个人不应当只贪图安逸，追名逐利。

2）balance vt.平衡；权衡 balanced adj.平衡的，均衡的

We have to balance the good points against the bad and then make a decision. 我们必须权衡优劣，然后做出决定。

You must learn to keep your balance while skating. 在溜冰时你得学会保持平衡。

A balanced diet and regular exercise are both important for our health. 均衡的饮食和有规律的锻炼对我们的健康很重要。

【语法点拨】1）不定式to do作宾语：具体用法参见第27句。 2）doing作宾语：

①介词后常接doing作宾语，如：

She left the room without saying a word. 她没说什么就离开了房间。

②有些动词或短语后只能跟动名词作宾语，这类词有：finish, imagine, fancy, insist on, enjoy, escape, consider, can’t help（禁不住）, admit, avoid, mind, miss, practise, keep, resist, appreciate, put off＝delay, suggest, advise, allow, permit, forbid, ban, prohibit, forgive, excuse, risk, tolerate, recommend, stand, feel like, look forward to, prefer…to…等。如：

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He admitted taking the watch. 他承认拿了手表。

Much as she likes him, she would never consider marrying him. 尽管她很喜欢他, 但她并不打算嫁给他。

③begin，start，like，prefer, hate后既可接to do也可接doing作宾语，意思差别不大，如： He likes playing/to play basketball. 他喜欢打篮球。

④ stop，try，go on, remember, forget, mean, regret后面用doing或to do 不定式,意思不一样。

stop doing停止做 stop to do停下来开始做 try doing试一试做 try to do尽力做，企图做

go on doing继续做（同一件事） go on to do继续做（不同的事） remember doing 记着做了 remember to do记着要做 forget doing忘记做了 forget to do忘记要做 mean doing意味着 mean to do打算做 regret doing后悔做了 regret to do遗憾要做 比较：

I forgot teaching the students the words. 我忘记了曾教过学生们这些词。（已经教过） I forgot to teach the students the words. 我忘了教学生们这些词。（未教）

32. The computer burst into life and second later, the screen turned into colors, shifting and changing and then two big white words appeared in the center of the screen: “SPACE TRANSPORTER.”

【句式翻译】电脑突然活跃起来，几秒钟后屏幕变成彩色，图像开始不断变换，然后屏幕中间出现两个白色大字：“空间运输车”。

【句式分析】本句是并列连词and连接的复合句，shifting and changing在句中作伴随状语。 【词语点拨】burst into…匆匆进入（某处）；突然开始（某事）；突然进入（某种状态） The door was suddenly pushed open and he burst into the house. 门忽然推开，他闯进了屋来。

Suddenly the leading car in the race burst into sight. 突然，比赛中的那辆领先的车出现了。

The plane burst into flames, killing two of the airmen on board. 飞机突然起火, 机上的两名飞行员丧生。

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【语法点拨】现在分词作状语，具体用法参见第26句。

33. People today prefer living together to putting their signatures on a marriage certificate because they refuse to accept responsibility for the relationship.

【句式翻译】现在的人宁可同居，却不愿在结婚证上签字，因为他们拒绝为这种关系负责。 【句式分析】本句是复合句，because在句中引导原因状语从句，living together， putting their signatures 和to accept都作宾语。 【词语点拨】prefer vt.更喜欢；宁愿

Some people like to lie on the beach, but I prefer going/to go sightseeing. 有些人喜欢在海滩上躺着, 但我喜欢去游览.

表示“宁愿……而不愿……”，“喜欢……而不喜欢……”，其基本句型是： ① prefer…to…，主要用于比较两个名词或动名词 I prefer the seaside to the mountains. 我喜欢海边，不喜欢山区。

I prefer questioning my pupils to lecturing them. 我喜欢少讲课，多提问我的学生。

② prefer…rather than…，主要用于比较两个不定式（后面的不定式通常省略to，但前面的不定式必须带to）

He prefers to read rather than watch television. 他喜欢读书而不喜欢看电视。

【语法点拨】1）不定式to do作宾语，具体用法参见第27句。 2）doing作宾语，具体用法参见第31句。

34. In addition to encouraging reading as a pursuit to be enjoyed by all, the program allows strangers to communicate by discussing the book on the bus, as well as promoting reading as an experience to be shared in families and schools.

【句式翻译】除了鼓励把阅读当作所有的人的一种追求外，这个项目还允许陌生人在汽车上通过讨论这本书来交流，同时宣传把阅读当作家庭和学校共享的一次体验。

【句式分析】本句是简单句，the program作主语，allows作谓语，strangers作宾语，to communicate…作宾补，encouraging …和discussing…都作介词宾语。

【词语点拨】1)in addition to 除……之外，后接名词或动名词 in addition 此外；还有 In addition to his salary, he has a bonus of 500 yuan per month. 除工资外，他每月还有五百元钱奖金。

We need money and time; in addition, we need opportunity. 我们需要金钱和时间，此外我还需要机遇。

2）as well as既……又；……和……。as well as连接名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与

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前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。如： The child is lively as well as healthy. 这孩子既健康又活泼。

We are repairing the roof as well as painting the walls. 我们在粉刷墙壁同时也在修理屋顶。

The teacher as well as several students is doing experiments in the lab. 老师和几个学生正在实验室做实验。

【语法点拨】1）doing作宾语，具体用法参见第31句。 2) 不定式to do做宾补的用法：

①常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有advise, cause, expect, force, get, order, permit, tell, want, warn, wish, prefer, allow等。如：

The mother permits her son to play computer games twice a week. 这个母亲允许儿子一周玩两次电脑游戏。

My teacher told me not to make the same mistake again. 老师告诉我不要再犯同样的错误。

②感官动词feel，listen to，hear，see，look at, watch，notice，observe后和使役动词let，make，have后，跟动词不定式作宾语补足语时，要省略不定式符号to。如： I didn’t observe the man open the door and go out. 我没看到那个人打开门出去了。 I saw Lucy hurry to the station just now. 刚才我看见露西匆忙去车站了。

He told us a joke, which made us laugh immediately. 他给我们讲了一个笑话，让我们立刻笑了。

③在被动语态中，动词不定式在感官动词后作主语补足语时，不定式符号to不省略。如： The workers are made to work far into the night. 工人们被迫干活到深夜。

35. Noticing that the driver was struggling to see through the snow covering the windshield, she found herself wondering why there couldn’t be a built-in device for cleaning the window. 【句式翻译】注意到司机要很费力的透过覆盖在挡风玻璃上的雪向外看，她不禁想为什么不能有一个内置的设备来清除雪呢。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，that和why在句中引导宾语从句，Noticing , covering和wondering分别作状语、定语和宾补。

【词语点拨】notice ①vt.注意到；看到。常用于notice sb do sth; notice sb doing sth和notice sth done结构中。

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I didn’t notice you wearing a new hat. =I didn’t notice you were wearing a new hat. 我没有注意到你戴了一顶新帽子。

We noticed Jack leave the house an hour ago. 我们注意到杰克一小时前离开了这所房子。

No one but Miss Zhou noticed the flowers on the table changed. 除周小姐外，没有人注意到桌子上的花被换过。 ②n.注意；通知

The notice was set above the door, and I didn’t see it. 通知贴在门的上方，我没看见。 He is too proud to take notice of others. 他很骄傲，不理睬别人。

【语法点拨】1）现在分词doing作定语：在逻辑上与所修饰的名词之间为主谓关系，也可改成定语从句。单个分词作定语一般放在被修饰词之前，分词短语作定语一般放在被修饰词之后。如：

The glow of the setting sun is splendid; it is a pity that dusk is fast approaching. 夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏。

He is a businessman growing rich in recent years. 他是一位最近几年才发起来的商人。 2）分词作宾补：

分词一般只在两类动词后作宾补，感官动词(feel，listen to，hear，see，look at, watch，notice，observe) 和使役动词(have, make)。现在分词作宾补表示正在进行的主动意义，过去分词则表示已经完成的被动意义。如：

Through the window Jane saw children playing in the yard. 透过窗户简看见孩子们在院子里玩。

Maria has had her wallet stolen on her way to school. 上学路上，玛利亚的钱包被偷了。

36. To get ahead in the world and lead a happy successful life means getting on with other people and being able to understand and react to situations in the best way possible. 【句式翻译】在这个世界中生存并快乐的生活意味着能够与其他人很好的相处, 能够理解形势并以最好的方式作出反应。

【句式分析】本句是简单句，句子的主语是To get ahead…, means作谓语，getting on with…和being able to…是并列的宾语。 【词语点拨】react v. 反应，做出反应

When the sun comes out, the flowers react by opening.

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当太阳出来的时候，花以张开的形式作出反应。

Do children react to kind treatment by becoming more self-confident? 对孩子们和善是否会使他们更有信心?

【语法点拨】doing作宾语，具体用法参见第31句。

37. We even have different word for some foods, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which Shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating. 【句式翻译】我们甚至对某些食物有不同的单词，特别是肉类，取决于它是长在田野里，还是在家里准备被烹饪，这表明一个事实，即萨克森农民在农田干活，而上层阶级的诺曼人在大吃大喝。

【句式分析】本句是复合句, whether引导宾语从句，which引导非限制性定语从句，while引导并列句，表对比，depending on…作状语。 【词语点拨】1）in particular 尤其，特别

His statement refers to people in general, not to anyone in particular. 他的发言是泛指一般情况，不是针对某一个人的。 2）depend on 依赖，依靠

All living things depend on the sun for their growth. 万物靠太阳生长。

The plan can have different results depending on the weather. 根据天气的不同这项计划会有不同的结果。

【语法点拨】doing作状语，具体用法参见第26句。

38. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime.

【句式翻译】由于因特网的使用，计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难计算的，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人能告诉你，当引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，主句是It 作形式主语的句式，to measue…作真正的主语，although引导让步状语从句，从句中又包含who和that引导的定语从句和宾语从句，working overtime作宾语。

【词语点拨】measure n. 尺寸；措施；手段 vt. & vi. 测量；有……长（宽、高等）：具体用法参见第24句

【语法点拨】1）动词不定式to do作主语，具体用法参见第17句。 2）doing作宾语，具体用法参见第31句。

39. In the last three years, Indonesia has had a rough time, suffering several killer quakes and it

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is still recovering from the Asian tsunami caused by an offshore earthquake on December 26th, 2004.

【句式翻译】在过去的三年里，印尼饱受自然灾害之苦，它遭受了几次致命的大地震，至今仍然处于2004年12月26日发生的亚洲海啸所造成的创伤的恢复期中，那次海啸是由一次离岸地震所引起的。

【句式分析】本句是由并列连词and连接的复合句，suffering…作状语，caused by…作后置定语。

【词语点拨】1)rough adj.艰难的；粗糙的 The book was printed on rough yellow paper. 这本书用粗糙的黄纸印刷。

They had a rough time，sailing on the Pacific Ocean. 他们航行在太平洋上，处境艰难。 2) recover v. 恢复

What magic drug have you taken to recover so quickly? 你吃什么灵丹妙药，好得这样快?

It’s going to be some time before I recover my full strength. 还要一些时间我才能完全恢复体力。

【语法点拨】doing作状语，具体用法参见第26句。

40. The children played in the courtyards and because of the hutongs, courtyards were joined together for miles around creating a network of people working, playing and living together—a real community.

【句式翻译】孩子们在院子里一起玩耍，方圆好几里的四合院被连接起来，构成了人们一起工作、一起娱乐、一起起居的网络和一个真正的社区。

【句式分析】本句是由并列连词and连接的复合句，creating…作状语。 【词语点拨】join v. 连接；参加

You should never join an electric wire to a water pipe. 你千万不可把电线连接在水管上。

All the family join me in wishing you a happy future. 所有的家人同我一道祝你未来幸福。

【语法点拨】doing作状语，具体用法参见第26句。

41. At that time, there were restrictions on the movement of Europeans and so, in order to travel unnoticed, he developed his fluency in Chinese and dressed as a Chinese man, even shaving his head in the Chinese style.

【句式翻译】那时候，欧洲人在中国的活动受到种种限制，因此为了在旅行时不引起别人

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注意，他努力使自己的汉语讲得很流利，并且穿着中国人的服装，甚至像中国人一样削发（留辫）。

【句式分析】本句是复合句,so引导结果状语从句，unnoticed和shaving作状语。 【词语点拨】1）restriction n. 限制

The park is open to the public without restriction. 这个公园对公众开放,没有任何限制。 There is no restriction on the number of people. 人数不限。

2) dress v. 打扮；穿衣 n. 衣服；礼服；dress后常接sb/oneself，不接衣服作宾语；构成短语：be dressed in…穿着……

Father dressed up as a clown to make children laugh. 为了逗孩子们笑，爸爸装扮成小丑。

She hurriedly dressed her son and drove him to school. 她匆忙地给儿子穿上衣服，开车送他到学校。 I feel awkward as everyone except me is in evening dress. 我感到很尴尬，因为除了我，谁都穿了夜礼服。 Angels are usually shown in pictures dressed in white. 图画中的天使通常身穿白衣。

【语法点拨】1）现在分词作状语，具体用法参见第26句。 2）过去分词作状语：

①过去分词作状语时，常表示被动和完成，此时分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。表示时间、条件、原因、让步时可转换为相应的状语从句；表示方式、结果和伴随时可转化为并列分句。如：

My father sat quietly on the couch, lost in thought(=and he was lost in thought). 我父亲静静地坐在沙发上，沉浸在思索之中。

Looked (=If it is looked) at a distance, the painting seems much more beautiful. 隔着一段距离看，这幅画似乎要漂亮得多。

②有些分词作状语，没有逻辑上的主语，已成为习惯用法：given（考虑到，如果）, provided that（如果）,compared with/to等。

Our greenhouse is nothing compared with yours. 我们这个温室比起你们那个简直是小巫见大巫。

I will agree to go provided / providing ( that ) my expenses are paid. 假如为我负担费用，我就同意去。

42. Brave young men took the opportunity of going on botanical expeditions, often facing many

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dangers including disease, near-starvation, severe environments and conflicts with the local people.

【句式翻译】勇敢的年轻人借机进行植物探索活动，他们常常面临许多危险，包括疾病、饥饿、严酷的环境以及同当地居民的冲突。

【句式分析】本句是简单句，facing many dangers…在句中作状语。 【词语点拨】including prep.包含 include v.包含 There are ten people in this office including me. 这个办公室连我共有10人。

This book includes some information you need. 这本书包括你需要的一些信息。

【语法点拨】现在分词作状语，具体用法参见第26句。

43. A consumer can complain to the organization, giving reasons for their complaint, and if the complaint is correct, the organization can make the company stop using the offending advertisement.

【句式翻译】消费者可以向这个机构投诉，提出投诉的理由，如果投诉是正确的，该机构可以责令该公司停止使用这种令人不愉快的广告。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，if引导条件状语从句，giving reasons…作状语，using…作宾语。

【词语点拨】complaint n.抱怨；投诉 complain是其动词形式 The worker accepted his dismissal without any complaint. 那个工人毫无怨言地接受解雇。 She made a complaint about the noise. 她就噪音问题提出了投诉。

She wrote a letter to her local newspaper to complain about the new road. 她给当地的报纸写了一封信，抱怨新修的马路。

【语法点拨】1）现在分词作状语，具体用法参见第26句。 2）doing作宾语，具体用法参见第31句。

44. In no time, the Del Monte Gold took the market by storm, rapidly becoming the world’s best-selling pineapple variety, and delivering natural levels of sweetness in the mouth, up until then only found in tinned pineapple.

【句式翻译】德尔蒙金菠萝立刻占有了市场，很快成为世界上销售最好的菠萝，吃到嘴里有一种天然的甜味，在那之前，只有罐装菠萝才有这种味儿。

【句式分析】本句是简单句，becoming和delivering在句中作状语，tinned作定语。 【词语点拨】1)in no time 立刻，马上

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Clothing seems to wear out in no time nowadays. 现在的衣服好像很快就穿破了。 2）variety n.种类；多样性

The hotel offers its guests a wide variety of amusements. 这个旅馆为住客提供了各种各样的娱乐活动。

My last job lacked variety; I was doing the same things all the time. 我上次的一份工作缺乏多样化, 我老是在做同样的事情。 3）deliver v. 递送；发表（演说等）

The newspaper is delivered to my school every Tuesday. 每周二报纸被送到我的学校。

Mr. Smith will deliver a speech on English learning this Friday. 本周五史密斯先生要做一个关于英语学习的演讲。 4）take…by storm强攻；使大为轰动 The news will take the public by storm. 这个消息将会令公众大吃一惊的。

The group of young musicians took Europe by storm. 一 群年轻的音乐家使整个欧洲为之倾倒。

【语法点拨】1）现在分词作状语，具体用法参见第26句。

2）过去分词done作定语：过去分词作定语表示被动和完成意义，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。单个分词作定语一般放在被修饰词之前，分词短语作定语一般放在被修饰词之后。如：

The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital。 受伤的工人现正在医院受到良好的照料。 They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard. 他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。

The scientists invited (=who were invited) to the meeting are from developing countries. 被邀请参加会议的科学家来自发展中国家。

45. Shay didn’t make it to another summer and died that winter, having never forgotten being the hero and making his father so happy and coming home and seeing his mother tearfully hug her little hero of the day!

【句式翻译】Shay 在那一年的冬天死了，没有活到第二年的夏天，他永远也忘不掉自己当英雄以及让自己的爸爸如此高兴，忘不掉跑回家看到含泪的妈妈抱住这个小英雄的场景。

【句式分析】本句是简单句，didn’t make it和died是并列的谓语动词，having never forgotten

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作状语，being the hero, making his father…,coming home,和seeing...是并列的宾语。 【词语点拨】1)make it (to)及时到达；成功；约定时间 It's hard to make it to the top in the show business. 想在演艺圈出人头地，实非易事。

I can't make it to dinner tonight; but, can I take a rain check? 今天晚上我不能去吃晚饭, 但是我们改天再吃好吗? Make it anytime that suits you ; I’m always free. 我反正有空，就你的时间吧。

【语法点拨】1）现在分词的完成形式作状语，具体用法参见第25句。 2）doing作宾语，具体用法参见第31句。

46. In the fall of 1985, I was a bright-eyed girl heading off to Howard University, aiming at a legal career and dreaming of sitting on a Super Court bench Somewhere. 【句式翻译】1985年的秋天，我是一个有着明亮眼睛的女孩，要去哈佛大学学习，目的是从事法律工作并梦想着坐在某处最高法院的法官席上。

【句式分析】本句是简单句，heading off…, aiming at…和dreaming of…是并列的定语，sitting on …作介词of的宾语。

【词语点拨】1）head v.朝……行进；前进（后面常接介词for或to/towards等） Where are you heading for? 你要到哪儿去?

Our ship made head against the wind and waves. 我们的船顶着风浪前进。

2）aim v. 目的在于；瞄准；针对 n.目的；目标 Businesses will have to aim at long-term growth. 企业必须以长期增长为目标。

The new measures are aimed at protecting the environment. 新措施旨在保护环境。

I aim to be a policeman when I leave school. 我打算中学毕业以后当警察。

The aim of the festival is to increase awareness of Hindu culture and traditions. 该节庆日的目的在于增强人们对印度文化和传统的认识。 【语法点拨】1）现在分词作定语, 具体用法参见第35句。 2）doing作宾语，具体用法参见第31句。

47. Some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter doesn’t attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object, using color, line

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and shape to represent them.

【句式翻译】有些现代艺术是抽象的，也就是说，画家并不打算把我们眼睛看到的东西如实地画出来，而是集中展现物体的某些品质特征，用色彩、线条和形状把它们呈现出来。 【句式分析】本句是复合句, doesn’t attempt to和concentrates on是并列谓语， as在句中引导状语从句，using color…作状语。 【词语点拨】concentrate vi. 专心于；集中

You should concentrate on the road when you’re driving. 开车时注意力应集中在路上。

When working, one should concentrate and not allow oneself to be distracted. 工作时要集中精力，不要分心。

【语法点拨】现在分词作状语，具体用法参见第26句。

48. Based on my experience, jogging is the most overvalued form of exercise around, and judging from the number of the people who left our neighborhood jogging army, I’m not alone in my opinion.

【句式翻译】根据我的经验，慢跑是最被人高估的运动形式，从退出我们的慢跑大军的人数判断，不只是我有这种观点。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，who引导限制性定语从句，修饰the people，Based on my experience和judging from作状语，jogging作主语。 【词语点拨】1）base v. 基于；把……建立在 n. 基础；基地 We must base ourselves on the interests of the people. 我们一定要从人民的利益出发。

Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice. 理论的基础是实践,反过来理论又为实践服务。

Knowledge is the important base of teacher's specialization. 知识是教师专业化的重要基础和前提条件。

Shanghai is the most important industrial base of China. 上海是中国最重要的工业基地。 2）alone adj.单独的，独自的 I want to have a talk with him alone. 我要和他单独谈一谈。

He doesn’t feel lonely when he is left alone. 在只剩下他一个的时候，他并不感到孤独。 3）judging from/by从……判断

Judging from his accent, he must be from Hunan.

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从他的口音判断, 他一定是湖南人.

Judging by the sound of his voice, the man couldn't be very young. 听声音, 那人已不太年轻。

【语法点拨】1）现在分词作状语，具体用法参见第26句。 2）过去分词作状语，具体用法参见第41句。 3）doing作主语，具体用法参见第29句。

49. She retired from diving after Atlanta and went to study economics at university. While there she decided to make a comeback and went on to compete at the Sydney Olympic Games, where she won her fourth Olympic gold, again making Olympic history.

【句式翻译】在亚特兰大之后，伏明霞退役，到大学里学习经济。读书期间，她决定复出参加悉尼奥运会，并且获得了自己的第四枚奥运金牌，再次改写了奥运会历史。 【句式分析】While在句中引导省略的时间状语从句，where引导非限制定语从句，修饰the Sydney Olympic Games，to make和to compete作宾语，making作结果状语。 【词语点拨】compete v.竞争；参加比赛

He at last got a chance to compete in the Olympics. 他终于获得了参加奥运会比赛的机会。

These products are of high quality and able to compete internationally. 这些产品品质很好，在国际市场上有竞争能力。

【语法点拨】1）现在分词作状语，具体用法参见第26句。 2）不定式to do作宾语，具体用法参见第27句。

50. With more than three children, for example, wives took on more of the extra work, clocking about 28 hours a week compared with husbands’ 10 hours.

【句式翻译】比如说，如果孩子数量超过三个，妻子们每周做家务的时间会增加到28个小时，而丈夫仅为10个小时。

【句式分析】本句是简单句，clocking和 compared with作状语。 【词语点拨】take on承担；呈现；具体用法参见第3句。 【语法点拨】1）现在分词作状语，具体用法参见第26句。 2) 过去分词作状语，具体用法参见第41句。

51. The study, published in 2009, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate. 【句式翻译】这项研究发表于2009年，它发现用笔和纸来写，参与者写的文章更长，写的句子更完整，写单词的速度更快。

【句式分析】本句复合句，that 引导宾语从句，从句中又有一个when引导的状语从句，published在句中作后置定语，writing作状语。

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【词语点拨】1) participant n. 参加者 participate vi.参与 He is an active participant in the civil rights movement. 他是人权运动的积极参加者。

Terry can’t participate in the match because he has hurt his foot. 特里不能参加比赛,因为他扭了脚。 2) rate n.比率；速度

House prices are rising at a higher rate than inflation. 房价比通货膨胀上涨的比率高。

The car was going at the rate of 40 miles an hour. 轿车以每小时40里的速度行驶。

【语法点拨】1）现在分词作状语, 具体用法参见第26句。 2）过去分词作定语，具体用法参见第44句。

52. But the donator who started sending envelopes with cash to deserving causes, accompanied by an article from the local paper, has made a northern German city believe in fairytales. 【句式翻译】但是，捐赠者开始给值得关注的事业发送装有现金的信封，当地报纸随之发表一篇文章，这一切使一个德国北部城市相信童话。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，who 引导限制性定语从句，修饰the donator，sending 作宾语，accompanied作状语。

【词语点拨】1) deserving adj.值得的（后面常接介词of） deserve v.值得 A job well done is deserving of praise. 一件工作做得好应该受到表扬。 If you do wrong, you deserve punishment. 你如做错事, 应当受罚。 2）accompany vt.陪伴

Ken agreed to accompany me on a trip to Africa. 肯答应陪我一起去非洲。

Jane was willing to accompany you to the park to go out for a walk. 简愿意陪你去公园散步。

【语法点拨】1）过去分词作状语, 具体用法参见第41句。 2）doing作宾语，具体用法参见第31句。

53. Basic Math starts from the relatively easier concepts and gradually moves on to the more troublesome ones, so as to allow for steady and sure understanding of the material by students. 【句式翻译】基础数学源自相对容易的概念，逐渐转移到更麻烦的，以便允许学生能稳定地、有把握地理解材料。

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【句式分析】本句是简单句，so as to allow在句中作目的状语。 【词语点拨】1) gradually adv.逐渐地

The drugs work well at first but gradually lose their effectiveness. 这些药的效果起初非常好，但后来逐渐失效。

After months of work, the new book is gradually taking shape. 经过几个月的努力，这本新书渐渐成型了。 2）allow v. 允许，常用于以下结构： ①allow doing 允许做

They allowed smoking in this room only. 他们只允许在这间屋子里抽烟。 ②allow sb to do允许某人做

My boss doesn’t allow me to use the telephone. 我的老板不允许我用电话。 ③allow sb sth让某人有

I will allow you 10% off the price if you pay now． 如果你现在付款，我可以给你打九折。 ④allow sb in/out/up允许某人进来/出去/起床 The patient was allowed up after ten days. 十天后病人才被允许起床(下地)。

⑤allow for考虑到，把……考虑进来，体谅 We should allow for every possible delay. 我们考虑到任何可能的延误。

【语法点拨】不定式作目的状语，具体用法参见第21句。

54. Professor H. Siegel, honored by Kentucky Educational Television as“the best math teacher in America,”is a devoted teacher and has a gift for explaining mathematical concepts in ways that make them seem clear and obvious.

【句式翻译】H•西格尔教授被肯塔基州教育电视尊称为是“美国最好的数学老师”，他是一个尽职的教师，在解释数学概念方面很有天赋，能把这些概念解释得清楚明了。 【句式分析】本句复合句，that在句中引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词ways，honored作后置定语。

【词语点拨】1) devoted adj.忠诚的；挚爱的 devote vt. 奉献，把……用于 He married well and happily and was a devoted father and husband. 他婚姻美满幸福，是位尽职尽责的父亲，忠实的丈夫。

The editors devoted a whole page to the discussion of the housing problem.

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编辑用一个整版来讨论住房问题。

2) have a gift for = have a talent for在……方面有天赋 You have a surprising gift for seeing into people's minds. 你有惊人的才能，能看出别人的心思。

Yang Liping has a love for music and a gift for dancing. 杨丽萍热爱音乐，并具有舞蹈天赋。

【语法点拨】过去分词作定语, 具体用法参见第44句。

55. For example, there’re the obvious tendency to smile when smiled at and there are less obvious changes that reflect emotions of surprise, anger or sadness such as a change in our heart rate and blood pressure.

【句式翻译】例如，别人朝你笑你很可能笑，反映惊讶，愤怒或悲伤情绪的变化不太明显，如我们的心率和血压的变化。

【句式分析】本句复合句，when在句中引导省略的状语从句，that引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词changes，smiled at作状语。

【词语点拨】1）tendency n.倾向；趋势；tend v.倾向 Prices continue to show an upward tendency. 物价呈继续上升的趋势。

There was a tendency in him to walk away from the impossible thing. 而对无能为力的事情，他往往就绕开走了。 People tended to accept her invitations. 人们都乐于接受她的邀请。

2）reflect v. 反映；反射; reflection n.反射；映像 Does this letter reflect how you really think? 这封信反映你的真实想法吗? Every solid object will reflect a sound. 任何固体都能反射声音。

One can see the reflection of the tower in the water. 塔的影子倒映在水中。

【语法点拨】过去分词作状语, 具体用法参见第41句。

56. Fans used to be crazy about a specific film, but now the public tends to base its consumption on the interest of celebrity attached to any given product.

【句式翻译】粉丝过去会对一部具体的电影而疯狂，但是现在，公众的消费倾向于建立在对名人的兴趣上，这些名人与某种指定的产品有联系。

【句式分析】本句是并列连词but连接的复合句，attached to…作后置定语。

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【词语点拨】1）used to过去经常，表示过去的习惯动作或状态，后接动词原形。其否定式为：used(n)’t to/ didn’t use to；be/get used to 习惯于，其中的 to 是介词，后接名词或动名词。如：

His uncle used to live in Paris. 他的叔叔过去一直住在巴黎。

Nancy usedn’t /didn’t use to eat so many sweet things. 南希过去不常吃那么多的甜食。

You used to play basketball, usedn’t /didn’t you? 你过去常打篮球，是吗?

Charles is used to looking after himself. 查尔斯习惯于自己照顾自己。

2）attach vt. 缚上；系上；附加；连接；构成短语：①attach oneself to依附；热爱，依恋 ② be attached to连在……上，附属于；热爱，依恋③attach importance to认为……重要 Attach a stamp to the envelope and mail the letter. 把邮票贴在信封上，把信寄出去。

The cities attach great importance to the pollution problem. 这些城市非常重视污染问题。

A couple should be deeply attached to each other. 夫妻应该相亲相爱。

The little girl attached herself to her English teacher. 这个小姑娘非常喜欢她的英语老师。

【语法点拨】过去分词作定语，具体用法参见第44句。

57. Their study found that theobromine, found in cocoa, was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine, which was considered the best cough medicine at present. 【句式翻译】他们的研究发现可可含有的可可碱治疗咳嗽的有效性比可待因高三分之一，可待因目前被认为是最好的治咳嗽的药。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，which在句中引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词codeine，found in cocoa作后置定语。 【词语点拨】consider v.考虑；认为 I’m considering going abroad some day. 我一直考虑有一天出国。

He considered how he should answer the question. 他考虑应当怎样回答这个问题。

We have to consider what material to use first.

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我们先得考虑用什么材料。

We consider that a friend in need is a friend indeed. 我们认为患难之友才是真正的朋友。 At first they considered me as a doctor. 起初他们认为我是医生。

We consider this matter to be very important. 我们认为这件事很重要。

【语法点拨】过去分词作定语，具体用法参见第44句。

58. Supported by his academic research, Professor Salovey suggests that when predicting someone’s future success, their character, as measured by EQ tests, might actually matter more than their IQ.

【句式翻译】萨洛维教授在他学术研究的基础上提出, 在预测一个人未来的成功时, 他的性格，通过情商测验来衡量, 也许比他的智商更为重要。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，that引导宾语从句，从句中包含有一个when引导的省略的状语从句，supported 和predicting在句中作状语。

【词语点拨】1）support vt. 支撑；支持；供养；为…提供资金；n. 支持；支撑物；赡养 They supported us in the struggle for an increase in pay. 他们支持我们争取增加工资。

The research was supported by the government. 这项研究由政府出资。

I depend on my friends for emotional support. 我靠朋友给我感情支持。

Her job is the family’s only means of support. 她家全靠她的工作维持生计。

2）suggest vt.建议；表明。当“建议”讲时，后面可以接动名词，接从句时，从句用虚拟语气；当“表明”时，后面的从句常用陈述语气。 His pale face suggested that he was badly ill. 他苍白的脸色表明他病得很厉害。

I suggest bringing the meeting to an end.=I suggest that we should bring the meeting to an end. 我建议结束会议。

【语法点拨】1）现在分词作状语，具体用法参见第26句。 2）过去分词作状语，具体用法参见第41句。

59. For example, many companies now have to invest a lot of money in information technology and staff training in order to cope with the “phone rage”-- caused by delays in answering calls,

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being cut off in mid-conversation or left waiting for long periods.

【句式翻译】例如，许多公司现在不得不在信息技术和职员培训上投资很多钱以便处理电话投诉—未及时接电话、谈话中线路中断或让等候太久引起投诉。

【句式分析】本句是简单句，many companies作主语，have to invest作谓语，in order to cope作目的状语，caused作后置定语，delays和being cut off作介词by的宾语。 【词语点拨】1）delay v.&n.延迟；耽搁；后面可以接doing作宾语 The passengers were delayed for an hour. 乘客被延误了一个小时。

We decided to delay going on our holiday till next month. 我们决定把假期推迟到下个月。

The strike caused a great delay in the delivery of the mail. 这次罢工严重地延误了邮件的投递。 2）cope with 对付

Do not imagine that you can cope with all the problems. 别以为你能处理所有这些问题。

I don’t know how she copes with looking after her family and doing a full-time job. 既要照顾家庭又要工作，我不知道她是怎样应下来的。 3) cause v.引起；导致 n.原因；事业

The lack of eco-friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major cause of global climate change.

在公众中缺少对环境有利的习惯被认为是导致全球气候变化的主要起因。 The cause which attracted him most was the abolition of the slave trade. 最吸引他的事业是废除买卖奴隶。

Could you tell me what caused you to change your mind? 你能告诉我是什么让你改变了主意吗？

【语法点拨】1）不定式作目的状语，具体用法参见第21句。 2）过去分词作定语，具体用法参见第44句。 3）doing作宾语，具体用法参见第31句。

60. With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence, according to Intermountain Therapy Animals（ITA）in salt Lake City.

【句式翻译】据盐湖城的ITA的观点，闪烁着棕色眼睛，摇着尾巴，并有无条件的爱心，狗能成为无判断力的（忠实的）听者，这是刚开始阅读的小孩所需要的。

【句式分析】本句是简单句，dogs作主语，can provide作谓语，shining, wagging和needed

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都作定语。

【词语点拨】1) provide vt.提供；构成短语：provide sb with sth=provide sth for sb给某人提供……

These events provided the inspiration for his first novel. 这些事件给了他创作第一部小说的灵感。 In a word, we’ll provide you with all good service. 我们将为你们提供最好的服务。

2) confidence n.信心；构成短语：have confidence in…在……方面有信心 We have full confidence that we shall succeed. 我们完全有把握取得成功。

We have full confidence in our victory. 我们有必胜的把握。

A sick person needs absolute confidence and trust in a doctor. 病人需要对医生有绝对的信心和信任。

【语法点拨】1）现在分词作定语，具体用法参见第35句。 2）过去分词作定语，具体用法参见第44句。

61. Shay’s father knew that most of the boys would not want someone like Shay on their team, but the father also understood that if his son, mentally and physically disabled, were allowed to play, it would give him a much-needed sense of belonging and some confidence.

【句式翻译】Shay 的爸爸明白大多数孩子是不想让Shay这样的孩子在队里的， 但爸爸也明白如果他的身心都有残障的孩子可以打球，这会给他急需的归属感和自信。 【句式分析】本句是复合句，两个that都引导宾语从句，第二个宾语从句包含一个条件从句，条件从句运用了虚拟语气。

【词语点拨】1）allow vt. 允许，具体用法参见第53句。

2) sense n.感觉；感官；意义；make sense有意义；有道理；make sense of理解 Can you make sense of what this book says? 你能理解这本书的内容吗?

I’m afraid I haven’t got a very good sense of direction, so I easily get lost. 恐怕我的方向感很差, 因此我容易迷路。 His sense of touch gradually took the place of sight. 他的触觉逐步代替了视觉。

【语法点拨】条件从句中的虚拟语气：

①表示与现在事实相反的假设，从中的谓语动词用“过去式(be的过去式用were)”，主句中的谓语动词用“would/should/could/might＋do”。如：

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If I were you, I wouldn’t refuse his invitation. 如果我是你，我不会拒绝他的请求。

If Mr. Smith had time now, he would attend the meeting. 如果史密斯先生有时间，他会参加会议的。

②表示与过去事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“had done”，主句中用“would/should/could/might＋have done”。如：

If you had worked hard, you wouldn’t have failed in the examination. 如果你努力学习，你就不会考试不及格了。

③表示与将来事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“should do/were to do/过去式”，主句中的谓语动词用“would/should/could/might＋动词原形”。如： If it rained/ were to rain/ should rain tomorrow, don’t expect me. 万一明天下雨，就别等我了。

④错综时间虚拟条件句：所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，比如，从句指过去，而主句却指的是现在或将来。此时应根据具体的语境情况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整。如：

If you’d listened to me, you wouldn’t be in such trouble now. 如果你听了我的话，你现在也不会有这样的麻烦了。

⑤当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可省略，而将were, should, had等词置于句首。如：

Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。 Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。

Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了。

62. In the past, if someone like me had failed to get into university through the college exam, he would have had no chance of getting a degree.

【句式翻译】过去，像我这样不能通过高考而进入大学的人士，是没有机会拿到学位的。 【句式分析】本句是复合句, if引导条件状语从句，从句中运用了虚拟语气。 【词语点拨】fail v. 失败；使失望

I wouldn’t lose courage even if I should fail ten times. 即使要失败十次，我也绝不灰心。

You can always rely on Jim, he won’t fail you. 你可以永远信任吉姆, 他不会让你失望的。

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The words fail to convey the meaning. 词不达意。

【语法点拨】条件从句中的虚拟语气，具体用法参见第61句。

63. Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantages of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the drawbacks of Westerners philosophy.

【句式翻译】有些社会科学家建议，西方人应该利用古代中国人的智慧来弥补西方哲学体系当中的不足。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，that引导宾语从句，从句中运用了虚拟语气。 【词语点拨】1）take advantages of 利用；占……的便宜 He’s joining the club in order to take advantage of the others. 他入会是来揩油的。

In spring we usually set the clocks ahead one hour to take advantage of the summer daylight. 春季我们通常把钟拨快一小时以充分利用夏天的白昼。 2）make up for补偿，弥补；make up组成；补足；化妆；编造 Hard work can often make up for a lack of ability. 努力工作经常可以弥补能力的不足。 It didn’t take her long to make up. 她很快就化妆好了。

The teacher helped his pupils make up the lessons they had missed. 教师给学生补课。

The imaginative child always likes to make up fairy tales. 充满想象力的孩子喜欢编造神话故事。

Five doctors and two nurses make up a medical team. 五位医生和两位护士组成一个医疗队。 【语法点拨】宾语从句中的虚拟语气：

在表示“坚持”、“命令”、“建议”、“要求”等动词后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。这类动词可以归纳为“一个坚持(insist)、两个命令(order, command)、三个建议(advise, suggest, propose)、四个要求(demand, require, request, ask)”，这类虚拟语气由“should + 动词原形”构成，其中的should常可以省略。如：

The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here. 老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的每一分钟。

The Party asked that we should serve the people heart and soul. 党要求我们要全心全意地为人民服务。

但是，当insist的意思为“坚决认为，坚持说”；suggest的意思为“表明，暗含，暗示”等

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时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。如： Tom insisted that he hadn’t stolen the watch. 汤姆坚持说他没有偷那块手表。

His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam. 他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。

64. If American athlete Marion Jones hadn’t taken drugs, would she have made it to the Olympics at all?

【句式翻译】如果美国运动员玛丽昂·琼斯没有服用兴奋剂的话，她能成功地进军奥运会吗？

【句式分析】本句是复合句，if引导状语从句，从句中运用了虚拟语气。 【词语点拨】make it及时到达；成功；约定时间。具体用法参见第45句。 【语法点拨】条件从句中的虚拟语气，具体用法参见第61句。

65. Their money would be wasted if the message didn’t reach its target audience, in other words the people the advertisement intends to persuade.

【句式翻译】如果信息不能传达给它的目标群体，也就是广告意图说服的人群的话，那么他们的钱就白花了。

【句式分析】本句是复合句, if引导条件从句，条件从句运用了虚拟语气，the advertisement intends …是定语从句，修饰先行词the people。 【词语点拨】1）in other words换句话说 Joe doesn’t like work -- in other words, he’s lazy! 乔不爱劳动―换句话说，他懒惰!

2) persuade vt.说服；劝说；固定短语：persuade sb to do sth＝persuade sb into doing sth说服某人做某事。persuade意为“说服”，指劝说成功；advise意为“劝说”，不一定成功。 Mrs Green persuaded her husband to go to see the doctor. 格林太太说服丈夫去看病。

Nobody can persuade Linda to change her mind once it is made up. 一旦琳达下定决心就没有人可以说服她改变主意。

We advised the villagers to move immediately to a safe place，but they were not persuaded. 我们劝村民立即转移到安全的地方，但是没说服他们。 3) intend vt. 计划；打算

①intend to do/doing sth 打算做某事……

Nowadays more and more young men intend to study/studying abroad. 现在越来越多的年轻人打算出国留学。 ②intend sb to do sth 打算让某人做某事

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I intend Tom to go the concert with me. 我打算让汤姆跟我一块去听音乐会。 ③intend sth或intend+从句“打算，想” You misunderstood George. He intended no harm. 你误会乔治了，他没有恶意。

Mr. Black intended that his son should take over the business. 布莱克先生打算让他的儿子接管生意。 ④be intended for……是用来，为……设计/准备

This English newspaper is intended for the middle school student. 这份英语报纸是给中学生用的。 ⑤be intended as/to be 打算作为……之用

The book was intended as a pleasant surprise for her sister but was lost in the mail. 这本书原本是作为惊喜送给她姐姐的，但是邮寄丢了。

【语法点拨】条件从句中的虚拟语气，具体用法参见第61句。

66. Had Yeats stopped writing at age 40, he would probably now be valued as a minor poet, for there is no other example in literary history of a poet who produces his greatest works between the ages of 50 and 75.

【句式翻译】如果叶芝在40岁停止写作，现在他有可能是个名不见经传的诗人，因为在文学史上没有其他的诗人能在50岁和75岁之间写出他最伟大的作品。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，Had Yeats stopped…是虚拟条件从句，省略了if，for引导并列句，who引导限制性定语从句。

【词语点拨】value v. 重视，看重 n.价值 be valued as被认为是 Frank is greatly valued as a good student. 弗兰克被认为是个好学生。

If you value your health then you’ll start being a little kinder to yourself. 如果你重视自己的健康，你就要开始对自己好一点。 Not too much can be said about the value of early rising. 早起的好处是说不尽的。

【语法点拨】条件从句中的虚拟语气，具体用法参见第61句。

67. Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby, would be on an island 885 miles away. 【句式翻译】他禁不住寻思起来，要是果真有什么意外，除非附近有条船，他用无线电能联系上的最近的人也远在885英里以外的岛上。

【句式分析】本句是复合句，that 引导宾语从句，其中又包含有一个if条件从句和unless

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条件从句，if条件从句中运用了虚拟语气。

【词语点拨】1）can’t help doing禁不住 can’t help (to)do不能帮助做 This cinema is so impressive that we can't help crying. 这影片如此感人以至我们禁不住流下泪来。 The medicine can’t help to get rid of your cold. 这药不能帮你治好感冒。

2） contact v.接触；与……联系 n.接触；联系 We agreed to contact again as soon as possible. 我们同意尽快再次联系。

Apparently he never tried to contact her all these years. 显然这些年来他没有跟她联系过。

The pilot was trying to make contact with his base. 飞行员正试图与基地联系。

She is still in close contact with Sarah. 她仍然同萨拉联系密切。

【语法点拨】条件从句中的虚拟语气，具体用法参见第61句。

68. Asimov had both an extraordinary imagination that gave him the ability to explore future worlds and an amazing mind with which he searched for explanations of everything, in the present and the past.

【句式翻译】阿西莫夫不仅有着超凡的想象力使他能够对未来世界进行探索，而且还有惊人的智力，使他能对现在的和过去的各种事物做出解释。

【句式分析】本句包含两个定语从句: that …引导的定语从句修饰先行词imagination ,with which…引导的定语从句修饰先行词mind。 【词语点拨】1)explore vt.探测，探索 The children have gone exploring in the woods. 孩子们去林中探险了。 2)search for 寻找

As they entered the forest, they began to search for a suitable camping spot. 当他们进入森林时，就开始寻找合适的露营地点。

【语法点拨】本句中with which …引导的定语从句属于介词+关系代词，在此结构中指物只能用which。如：

According to the old stories of Iceland and Norway, Eric the Red was forced to leave Iceland because he had committed a murder, for which he got into trouble.

根据冰岛和挪威的传说，埃里克·雷德因一起谋杀案而被迫离开冰岛。

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69. Among his most famous works of science fiction, one for which he won an award was “The Foundation Trilogy” (1951-1953), three stories about the death and rebirth of a great empire in a galaxy of the future.

【句式翻译】在他那些最富盛名的科幻小说中，那本获奖的书叫做《基地三部曲》（1951-1953），书有三个小故事组成，讲的是未来银河系中一个伟大帝国的灭亡与复兴。 【句式分析】本句包含一个介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，for which …修饰先行词works of science fiction; three stories about the death and rebirth of a great empire in a galaxy of the future 作The Foundation Trilogy 的同位语。

【词语点拨】1) work n.「U」工作，劳动「C」常作works，有时作a work, 著作，作品 I particularly like the works by Da Vinci. 我尤其喜欢达芬奇的作品。 We all consider it as a work of genius. 我们都视它为一件极具天才创意的作品。 2) award n.「C」奖，奖金；vt 授予，给予 She showed us the athletics awards she had won. 她给我们看她赢得的体育运动奖。

He was awarded a medal for bravery. 他因勇敢而获得一枚奖章。

【语法点拨】本句中for which …引导的定语从句属于介词+关系代词，在此结构中指物只能用which。具体用法参见第68句。如：

70. Many people fear it could be the next global epidemic, especially as scientists

who studied tissue from the bodies of people who died of the 1918 Spanish Flu proved that Bird Flu is a modern adaptation of the same virus.

【句式翻译】许多人担心它会成为下一个全球性的传染病，特别是在一些科学家研究了死于1918年西班牙大流感的人的尸体组织后，证明了禽流感是同一种病毒的现代变异体。 【句式分析】本句包含两个定语从句， who studied …修饰先行词scientists; who died of …修饰先行词people; that Bird Flu is …引导宾语从句，作prove 的宾语。

【词语点拨】1) especially adv. 特别，尤其，通常对前面所描述的事件进行进一步的说明或补充；specially adv. 专门地，强调目的。 He likes all subjects, especially English. 他喜欢所有的学科，尤其是英语。 I made this cake specially for you. 我特意为你做的这个蛋糕。

2)adaptation n. 改编；适应；adapt vt. 使适应 I gradually adapted myself to living on my own.

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我逐渐适应了独立生活。

3)prove vt.证明，证实 vi.「用作系动词」证明是

It has been proved that eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life.

经证实，童年时吃蔬菜可帮助日后不生大病。 The book has proved (to be )very successful. 事实证明这本书非常成功。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句who studied …修饰先行词scientists; 定语从句who died of …修饰先行词people; who 作为关系代词引导定语从句指人并在从句中作主语或宾语。如： All the boys who are now swimming in the river are from Wuhan. 所有在河里游泳的孩子都来自武汉。

I’ve become good friends with several of the students who I met in the English speech contest last year.

我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同学成了好朋友。

71. He discovered small areas of mist which were in fact galaxies like our own, millions of light years away from us, which proved that the universe was vastly larger than had previously been thought.

【句式翻译】 他发现小的雾区实际上是像我们自己的星系一样的星系，离我们有几百万光年之远，这一发现证明了宇宙比我们以前想象的要大得多。

【句式分析】本句包含两个定语从句，which were in fact…修饰先行词small areas of mist; which proved that…修饰前面整个句子。 【词语点拨】1)in fact 实际上，其实

In fact, exercise produces chemicals that are good for your brain. 事实上，运动产生的化学物质对你的大脑有益。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句which were in fact …修饰先行词small areas of mist; 定语从句which proved that …修饰前面整个句子;which 作为关系代词引导定语从句指物或指整个主句的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。如： It sounded like a train which was going under my house. 那响声听起来就像一列火车在我的房子底下开过似的。

He was very rude to the customs officer, which, of course, made things even worse. 他对海关官员非常无理，这当然使得事情更糟糕了。

72. It is a language without words that consists of gestures, facial expressions and body movements that greatly add to -- and sometimes even replace -- spoken language.

【句式翻译】 它是一种没有字词，由手势、面部表情和身体动作组成的语言，它极大地

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丰富了—后悔有时甚至取代了—口头语言。

【句式分析】本句包含两个定语从句，that consists of …修饰先行词a language; that greatly add to …修饰gestures, facial expressions and body movements。 【词语点拨】1)consist of 由……组成

Life consists of not only sunshine but also hard times. 生活中不仅有阳光，还有艰难困苦。 2）add to 增加

Colorful umbrellas add to a lively atmosphere in the summer streets. 各色阳伞给夏日街头增添了活泼的气氛。 3) replace vt替换，更换；把……放回原处 We’d be happy to replace the radio for you. 我们愿意为您更换这个录音机。

He suggested that we should replace the magazines after reading. 他建议我们阅读完杂志后放回原处。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句that consists of …修饰先行词a language; 定语从句that greatly add to …修饰gestures, facial expressions and body movements; that作为关系代词引导定语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。如： The number of people that has lost homes reached as many as 250,000. 无家可归的人数达到25万。

The purpose of the trip was to record the wildlife and plants that we could find in the forest. 这次行动的目的是把我们在森林里发现的野生动植物都一一做好记录。

73. However, instead of showing real, existing structures, he used photographs to make up imaginary structures that best represented the different architectural styles.

【句式翻译】然而，他并没有展现真实存在的建筑结构，而是用照片聚合成一个想象中的最能代表不同建筑风格的结构图。

【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，that best represented…修饰先行词imaginary structures。

【词语点拨】1)instead of 代替，而不是

I worried that instead of making money, I would end up owing it. 我担心我最终会欠债而不会赚钱。 2）represent vt. 代表，象征

He is the ideal person to represent our class. 他是代表我们班的理想人选。

The word “love” is often represented by a heart.

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“爱”这个词常以心形来表示。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句that best represented…修饰先行词imaginary structures。that作为关系代词引导定语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语, 具体用法参见第71句。

74. One reason why we may dislike reading our own work is that we’re often disappointed that the rich ideas in our minds seem very thin and plain when first written down.

【句式翻译】我们不喜欢读自己著作的一个原因是：当读它的时候，我们往往会感到失望，因为我们脑海中丰富的想法在初稿中却显得苍白无力。

【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，why we may dislike…修饰先行词one reason。 【词语点拨】1) dislike vt.不喜欢，厌恶

I enjoy learning English, but I dislike remembering new words. 我喜欢学英语，但不喜欢记生词。

2) plain adj.简朴的，简单的；清楚的，明白的 She used to wear a plain but elegant dress. 她过去常穿朴素淡雅的连衣裙。

He made it plain to us that he didn’t wish to continue. 他向我们明白的表示他不想继续下去了。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句why we may dislike…修饰先行词reason。why作为关系副词引导定语从句在从句中作原因状语。如：

The reason why we haven’t seen her these days is that she has been in hospital. 我们近些天没有见到她的原因是她住院了。

75. According to the old stories of Iceland and Norway, Eric the Red was forced

to leave Iceland because he had committed a murder, for which he got into trouble. 【句式翻译】根据冰岛和挪威的传说，埃里克·雷德因一起谋杀案而被迫离开冰岛。

【句式分析】本句包含一个介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，for which …修饰先行词a murder。

【词语点拨】1) according to 根据，按照

According to a UN report, some 844 animals and plants have disappeared in the last 500 years. 联合国报告指出，在过去的500年里，已有约844个物种消失。 2) force vt.强迫，迫使；force sb to do/ into doing 强迫某人做某事 We forced the enemy to surrender/ into surrendering. 我们迫使敌人投降。

3) commit vt.犯（错误、罪行），干（坏事，傻事;使承担义务，作出保证 Smoking is committing suicide slowly.

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吸烟等于慢性自杀。

Both sides committed themselves to settle the problem peacefully. 双方承诺和平解决问题。

【语法点拨】本句中for which …引导的定语从句属于介词+关系代词， 在此结构中指物只能用which. 具体用法参见第68句。

76. Biarni was hoping to join his father who was with Eric, but he was blown off

course and found himself in an unknown land, from where he eventually reached Greenland. 【句式翻译】比阿尼想加入他的父亲，他的父亲正和埃里克在一起，但是他被吹离了航线，发现自己在一个未知的岛上，从那儿他最终到了格陵兰。

【句式分析】本句包含两个定语从句， who was with Eric修饰先行词his father；from where …修饰先行词an unknown land。 【词语点拨】1) blow vt&vi.吹；吹动

The trees blown down in the storm have been moved off the road. 暴风雨中被吹倒的树木已被移出路面。

2）find oneself + 介词短语 表达的意思是“不知不觉发现”。 She woke up and found herself in a hospital. 她醒来发觉自己躺在医院的床上。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句who was with Eric修饰先行词his father;; 定语从句from where …修饰先行词an unknown land; who 作为关系代词引导定语从句指人并在从句中作主语或宾语，具体用法参见第70 句；from where…属于介词+关系副词。如：

China is the birth place of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan,Korea, Thailand and India.

中国是风筝的故乡，从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。 77. Today, the Xinjiang Autonomous Region remains an international crossroad

where traders from surrounding countries, and tourists from all over the world regularly meet. 【句式翻译】今天，新疆自治区仍然是国际性的十字路口，从周边国家来的商人，从世界各地来的旅游者常在这里汇合。

【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，where traders from…修饰先行词crossroad。 【词语点拨】remain vi.「用作系动词」保持，仍然是；有待，尚待 They can be trained to remain calm in noisy and crowded places. 他们可被训练得能在嘈杂和拥挤的环境下保持冷静。 It remains to be seen whether you are right. 你是否正确，尚无定论。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句where traders from …修饰先行词crossroad; where 作为关系

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副词引导定语从句在句中作地点状语。如：

The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre where she would stay for an hour. 这个女孩安排在培训中心上钢琴课，在那儿她会待上一个小时。

78. The Silk Road got its name in the 19th century when a German geographer identified it as the route through which the Romans got their silk from China.

【句式翻译】在19世纪，丝绸之路得到了它的名字，当时一位德国地理学家认为罗马人从这条线路从中国买到了丝绸。

【句式分析】本句包含两个定语从句，when a German…修饰先行词the 19th century; through which …修饰先行词the route。

【词语点拨】identify vt.确认，证明，鉴别出。具体用法参见第25句。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句when a German…修饰先行词the 19th century; through which …修饰先行词the route；when 作为关系副词引导定语从句在从句中作时间状语；through which …引导的定语从句属于介词+关系代词，在此结构中指物只能用which。具体用法参见第68句。如：

There was a time when there were still slaves in the USA. 那时美国还有奴隶。

79. In the distance, they could see the misty cloud that rose from the great Niagara Falls, which is on the south side of the lake.

【句式翻译】远处，他们可以看到湖的南边尼亚加拉大瀑布上方升腾着的雾霭。【句式分析】本句包含两个定语从句，that rose from…修饰先行词the misty cloud; which is on …修饰先行词the great Niagara Falls。 【词语点拨】1）in the distance 在远处 In the distance was an ox working in a field. 远处有一头牛正在田里耕作。 2）rise vi.升起，上升；起床，起立

Red can cause a person’s blood pressure to rise and increase people’s appetites. 红色可以使人的血压升高，并增加食欲。 Seeing him, the teacher rose from his chair. 看到他，老师从椅子上站了起来。

【语法点拨】本句中that rose from…修饰先行词the misty cloud; which is on…修饰先行词the great Niagara Falls；that作为关系代词引导定语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，具体用法见第72句; which 作为关系代词引导定语从句指物，在句中作主语、宾语或表语，在限制性定语从句中常可与that 互换，但在非限制性定语从句中若先行词为物只能用which。如：

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It sounded like a train which/ that was going under my house. 那响声听起来就像有一列火车在我的房子底下开过似的。

He made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to science. 他又有了一项了不起的发现，我认为这一发现对科学极为重要。

80. Our outward voyage in the “Bounty” to Tahiti had been filled with the kind of incidents that I thought would be my stories when I returned home.

【句式翻译】我们乘坐“邦蒂号”出发到塔希提岛这段航程中充满了各种事件，我以为回国后可以讲这些故事。

【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，that I thought would…修饰先行词incidents。 【词语点拨】1) be filled with 充满，装满 The theater was filled with people. 剧院里坐满了人。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句that I thought would…修饰先行词incidents; that作为关系代词引导定语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，具体用法参见第72句。 81. If you decide to come to Birmingham City University, you can be confident that

you’ll receive a first-class education that focuses on practical skills and professional relevance, giving you excellent future for eimployment and career development.

【句式翻译】如果你决定去伯明翰城市大学，你可以相信你会受到一流的教育， 它关注实际技能和与工作相关的事情，会为你的就业和职业的发展提供美好的未来。

【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，that focuses on…修饰先行词a first-class education。 【词语点拨】1) confident adj. 有信心的，自信的

We shouldn’t mind what others say so long as we are confident in what we have done. 只要我们对自己所做的事情有信心， 就不该在意别人说什么。 2）focus (…)on 集中……于，聚焦……在

You should stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. 你应关注的是如何补救问题而非该去责怪谁。 3）practical adj.实际的，实用的，实践的

We will listen to your problems and offer you practical advice. 我们会倾听你的难题， 提供切实可行的建议。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句，that focuses on …修饰先行词a first-class education; that作为关系代词引导定语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，具体用法参见第72句。

82. Martin won his third entry in the Guinness Book of World Records in 2002 when he beat his own record for long distance swimming by swimming the length of the Mississippi River in

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North America in 68 days, a total of 3,797 kilometres.

【句式翻译】马丁于2002年第三次进入《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》，这次他打破了自己创下的远距离游泳的世界纪录—在68天内总共游完北美洲密西西比河的3797公里。 【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，when he beat his own record…修饰先行词2002。 【词语点拨】1）beat/break/cut + the/a record 打破纪录 She’s hoping to beat the record for the 100 meters. 他希望打破100米赛跑记录。 2）total adj. 总的，全部的

In total, these astronauts have spent more than 26,000 days in space. 这些宇航员在太空中总共逗留了26000多天。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句when he beat his own record…修饰先行词2002; when 作为关系副词引导定语从句在从句中作时间状语, 具体用法参见78句。

83. As a university we provide practical solutions for business and use our excellent industry links to influence the teaching of our courses, giving our studnets the skills and experience that employers want so that when you complete your course you’ll be ready to take off in your chosen career.

【句式翻译】作为一所大学，我们会为企业提供实用的解决办法，并利用我们与好的工业的关系来影响我们的教学课程，以便提供给我们的学生雇主所需要的技能和经验， 这样在你完成你的课程后能够为你所选择的职业的成功有所准备。

【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，that employers want修饰先行词the skills and experience。

【词语点拨】influence n. 影响; vt. 影响

Under their influence, he becomes greatly interested in stories of travel and adventure. 在他们的影响下, 他对游记和历险故事很感兴趣。

He greatly influenced the development of China’s culture and education. 他对中国文化和教育的发展产生了深远的影响。 2）be ready to do 准备做；乐意去做

Everything is packed, and we are ready to leave. 东西都打包好了, 我们准备走了。 He was always ready to help others. 他总是乐于助人。

3) take off （飞机等）起飞；脱下（衣帽）；（产品等）大受欢迎 The plane took off on time despite the fog. 尽管有雾，飞机按时起飞。

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In an instant, he took off his coat and jumped into the water. 他立刻脱下外套跳入水中。

My writing career took off when I discovered my own style. 找到了自己的写作风格后，我的写作事业开始有了起色。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句that employers want修饰先行词the skills and experience; that作为关系代词引导定语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，具体用法参见第72句。

84. Parents who find older children bullying younger brothers and sisters might do

well to replace shouting and punishment by rewarding and paying more attention to the injured ones.

【句式翻译】父母看到较大的孩子欺凌弟弟或妹妹，可以通过奖赏或更关注受伤的小孩而不是指着或惩罚（较大的孩子）而达到很好的效果。

【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，who find older children…修饰先行词parents。 【词语点拨】1) reward n. 回报，奖励；奖金；vt. 报答；奖赏 My grandmother says that a good deed is its own reward. 我祖母说善举本身就是回报。

She offered a reward of $500 for the lost necklace. 她悬赏500美元为找回丢失的项链。 They rewarded him for saving the child. 他们因他救了那个小孩而奖赏他。 2) pay attention to 注意

Be sure to pay attention to protecting the environment and think of others while traveling. 外出旅游时务必注意保护环境，为他人着想。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句who find older children…修饰先行词parents; who 作为关系代词，引导定语从句并在从句中作主语或宾语, 具体用法参见第70句。 85. This process is also found among scholars and authors: A statement of opinion

by one writer may be re-stated as fact by another, who may in turn be quoted by yet another; and this process may continue, unless it occurs to someone to question the facts on which the original writer based his opinion or to challenge the interpretation he placed upon those facts. 【句式翻译】在学者和作家中也能发现这一过程：一个作家陈述的观点可能被另一个作家作为事实重新陈述，这个作家也会被另一个作家引用；这个过程也许会继续下去，直到有人想去质疑最初的作家的观点所依据的事实，或者挑战他对这些事实所做出的解释。 【句式分析】本句包含三个定语从句，who may in turn be quoted…修饰先行词another; on which the original writer…修饰先行词the facts; he placed upon…修饰先行词the

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interpretation。

【词语点拨】1)in turn 依次；反过来，转而 They answered the teacher’s question in turn. 他们依次回答老师的问题。

People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars, and in turn this creates further problems.

人们通过使用私家车来避免公共交通拥挤，而这转而又产生了进一步的问题。 2) occur to sb 某人想到，想起

It occurred to him that he had an important conference to attend the next morning. 他突然想到第二天要出席一个重要的会议。

3) question n.问题; vt.询问，审问；怀疑，对……表示疑问 There is no single answer to the question. 这个问题的答案不是唯一的。 He was questioned by the police. 他受到警方盘问。

No one questioned his ideas for almost 2,000 years. 近2000年来，没有人对他的看法产生怀疑。 4) base…on 以…为基础，把……建立在……基础上

You’ll be able to choose a room based on your own personal tastes. 你可以按照自己的品味选择房间。 5) challenge n.挑战；vt.向……挑战

The government will have to meet the challenge of rising unemployment. 政府将不得不面对失业率上升的挑战。 I challenged him to a game of chess. 我要他跟我下一盘棋。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句who may in turn be quoted…修饰先行词another; on which the original writer…修饰先行词the facts; he placed upon…修饰先行词the interpretation; who作为关系代词引导非限制性定语从句指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，不能与that 互换；on which …引导的定语从句属于介词+关系代词，在此结构中指物只能用which。具体用法参见第68句；定语从句he placed upon…中，因关系代词which/ that 指物作宾语可以省略，故省略了关系代词that / which。如：

Although his teachers predicted a career in acting, Rowan was not convinced himself, until he met a group of talented people at university, who were involved in theatre, and he realized this could a career for him.

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虽然他的老师预言他将来从事表演事业，但是罗恩自己并没有信服，直到在大学遇到一群从事剧院工作的天才人物，他才意识到表演可能是他的事业。 This is the room ( which/ that ) Lu Xun used to live in. 这就是鲁迅过去居住过的房间。

86. Before the bridge was built, squirrels had to avoid traffic to and from the Park Plaza office building where office staff put out a nutty feast for the squirrels.

【句式翻译】在大桥建成之前，松鼠不得不避开出入公园广场办公楼的车辆，工作人员提出在办公楼给松鼠一个坚果盛宴。

【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，where office staff…修饰先行词the Park Plaza office building。

【词语点拨】avoid vt.避免，回避

It seems that you need to apologize quickly to avoid losing a good friend. 看来你得赶紧道歉，以避免失去一个好朋友。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句where office staff…修饰先行词the Park Plaza office building；where 作为关系副词引导定语从句在句中作地点状语，具体用法参见第77句。 87. So far, efforts to cut emissions（排放）of planet-warming greenhouse gases are

not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2℃ this century -- a point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common, leading to drought, floods, crop failures and rising sea levels.

【句式翻译】到目前为止，人类在温室气体减排方面付出的努力还不足以阻止地球在本世纪升温超过2℃—科学家说这个度数将带来多变的气候，极端天气将是常见的，导致干旱、洪水、作物歉收和海平面上升。

【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，in which weather extremes are common…修饰先行词a changeable climate。

【词语点拨】1) so far 迄今为止

So far we have done a lot to build a low-carbon economy, but it is far from ideal. 迄今为止，我们做了很多来建立低碳经济，但这还远非理想。 2) prevent sb (from)doing sth 阻止某人作某事 There were many ways to prevent this (from )happening. 有很多方法可以防止此事发生。 3) lead to 导致；通向

A lack of confidence can lead to a lot of suffering. 缺乏自信会导致很多痛苦。 The path leads down to a small lake.

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这条小路通向一个小湖。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句in which weather extremes are common…修饰先行词a changeable climate，in which…引导的定语从句属于介词+关系代词，在此结构中指物只能用which。具体用法参见第68句。

88. In every moment and every circumstance, you can choose to have fuller, richer

life by setting a clear intention to transform the victim within, and by inviting into your life the powerful creator that you are.

【句式翻译】在每一个时刻，每一种情况下，通过设定一个明确的转变牺牲品的意图，通过邀请你的强有力的创造者进入你的生活，你可以选择更充实、更丰富的生命。 【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，that you are修饰先行词the powerful creator。 【词语点拨】1) intention n.意图，本来的想法

This program was set up with an intention of providing help to homeless people. 设立这个项目是为了帮助无家可归者。 2) transform vt. 使改变；使变形

Water can transform a desert into a garden. 水能使沙漠变为花园。

3) invite vt. 邀请，招待; 引起，招致

She invited me to spend two weeks in Germany. 她邀请我到德国待两周。

Leaving your car unlocked is just inviting trouble! 汽车不上锁存粹是自找麻烦。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句that you are.修饰先行词the powerful creator; that作为关系代词引导定语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，具体用法参见第72句。 89. I would like to learn more about things that are going on in the city as I feel that it is important to know about the city we live in.

【句式翻译】 我想更多的了解这个城市发生的事情因为我觉得了解我们所在的城市是很重要的。

【句式分析】本句包含两个定语从句，that are…修饰先行词things; we live in 修饰先行词 the city。

【词语点拨】go on 发生，进行；继续下去 What is going on here? 这里发生什么事了？

In spite of the rain, they went on playing tennis. 尽管下雨了，他们还是继续打网球。

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【语法点拨】本句中定语从句，that are…修饰先行词things; we live in 修饰先行词 the city; that作为关系代词引导定语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，具体用法参见第72句；定语从句we live in中，因关系代词which/ that 指物作宾语可以省略，故省略了关系代词that / which,具体用法参见第85句。

90. Many people blamed the pressure that they put on themselves to lose weight too quickly for the weight gain, which leaves them with a bigger appetite than normal. 【句式翻译】许多人把体重的增加归于想迅速减肥的压力，这使得他们有了比平时更大的胃口。

【句式分析】本句包含两个定语从句，that they put on…修饰先行词the pressure; which leaves them…修饰前面整个句子。

【词语点拨】1) blame sb / sth for (sth) 责备，把……归咎于

They can hardly blame me for the failure, because it is largely their own fault. 他们把失败归咎于我，因为大部分都是他们自己的过错。 2) put pressure on sb/ sth 给……施压

I know studying is very important, but my parents put too much pressure on me. 我知道学习很重要，但父母给我施加了太多的压力。 3) appetite n.食欲，胃口；要求，欲望

It’s said that boys usually have excellent appetites. 据说男孩一般胃口都很好。

Though lacking in money, he still had an appetite for reading. 尽管缺钱，他仍然很想读书。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句，that they put on…修饰先行词the pressure; which leaves them…修饰前面整个句子；that作为关系代词引导定语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，具体用法参见第72句; which 作为关系代词引导定语从句指物或指整个主句的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语, 具体用法参见第71句。 91. At that time, people believed more in religion than in facts and people like

Galilei, who proved scientific ideas such as “the Earth is not the centre of the universe”, were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence.

【句式翻译】 那时，人们更多的相信宗教，而不是实事。像伽利略这样证明了例如“地球不是宇宙的中心”等科学观点的人常常被教会惩罚。

【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，who proved scientific ideas…修饰先行词Galilei。 【词语点拨】1) believe in 相信，信仰

Our teacher always tell us to believe in what we do and who we are if we want to succeed. 老师总是告诉我们要想成功，就要相信我们所能做的事情并相信我们自己。

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Do you believe in God? 你信仰上帝吗？ 2) punish vt.惩罚，处罚

The students are punished for cheating on the exam. 这些学生因为考试作弊而受惩罚。

【语法点拨】 1)本句中定语从句，who proved scientific ideas…修饰先行词Galilei; who作为关系代词引导非限制性定语从句指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，不能与that 互换。如： Although his teachers predicted a career in acting, Rowan was not convinced himself, until he met a group of talented people at university, who were involved in theatre, and he realized this could a career for him.

虽然他的老师预言他将来从事表演事业，但是罗恩自己并没有信服，直到在大学遇到一群从事剧院工作的天才人物，他才意识到表演可能是他的事业。

2) with + n/pron+doing/ done/ to/ adj/ adv/ prep 是with的复合结构，通常作状语。 With prices going up so fast, we can’t afford luxuries. 由于物价猛涨，我们买不起高档商品。

They sat together around the table, with the door shut. 他们关着门围桌而坐。

With you to help us, we’ll surely succeed. 有你来帮忙，我们一定会成功。 He fell asleep with the window open. 开着窗户他就睡着了。

He left the room with the light on. 灯亮着他就离开了房间。

With tears of joy in her eyes, she saw her daughter married. 她眼里噙着泪水，看着女儿结婚。

92. So much of our knowledge and understanding of the world today

is due to people like Bacon and Galilei, who were brave enough to step out from the shadows of conventional thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that today’s civilization is built upon .

【句式翻译】我们今天对世界拥有这么多的知识和理解，是因为有培根和伽利略这样的人，为了发现建造今天文明的知识王国，他们勇敢的从传统思想的阴影中走出。

【句式分析】本句包含两个定语从句，who were brave enough…修饰先行词Bacon and Galilei；that today’s civilization…修饰先行词the kingdom of knowledge。 【词语点拨】1) due to 由于

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I think I would be a good journalist due to my language skills. 由于我的语言技能， 我想我可以成为一名出色的记者。

2) enough adj. 足够的，充足的；adv. 足够地，充分地, (用于动词、形容词、副词之后) There is enough food for ten people. 有足够的10 个人吃的食物。

Don’t you think this arm is strong enough to carry a shopping basket? 难道你就不觉得我的胳膊足够强壮能提动购物篮吗？

【语法点拨】in order to 为了，以便；相当于so as to, 但 so as to 一般不用于句首。如： In order to find a better job, he decided to study a second foreign language. 为了找个更好的工作，他决定再学一门外语。

We’ll have to save as much as possible in order to / so as to pay for the new house. 为了买新房子，我们不得不尽量节约。

93. Others blamed colleagues, who tuck into fatty lunches and snackes unaware of

the effect that it has on the dieter, while mothers who polish off their children’s leftovers was another common cause of weight gain.

【句式翻译】其他人责备同事，他们狼吞虎咽的吃含脂肪高的食物和零食，不知道这对节食者的影响，而妈妈们常会迅速吃光孩子们的剩饭被认为是另一个导致体重增加的普遍原因。

【句式分析】本句包含三个定语从句，who tuck into fatty lunches…修饰先行词colleagues; that it has…修饰先行词the effect; who polish off…修饰先行词mothers。 【词语点拨】1) tuck into sth 痛快地吃某物

He tucked into the ham hungrily regardless of our feelings. 他不顾我们的感受狼吞虎咽地大吃火腿。 2) be unaware of sth/ that 不知道，未觉察

Lost in thought, he was unaware of my presence/ that I was present. 陷入沉思， 他没有觉察到我在场。

3) have (an) effect on / upon 对……起作用， 对……产生影响 Early people had very little effect on the environment. 早期人类对环境没有多少影响。 4) polish sth off 迅速做完某事

He was so hungry that he polished off a big plateful of food. 他如此饥饿以致于迅速吃光了一大盘的食物。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句，who tuck into fatty lunches…修饰先行词colleagues; that it has…修饰先行词the effect; who polish off…修饰先行词mothers。that作为关系代词引导定

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语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，具体用法参见第72句；who 作为关系代词引导定语从句指人并在从句中作主语或宾语，具体用法参见第70句和第85句。 94. Although his teachers predicted a career in acting, Rowan was not convinced

himself, until he met a group of talented people at university, who were involved in theatre, and he realized this could a career for him.

【句式翻译】虽然他的老师预言他将来从事表演事业，但是罗恩自己并没有信服，直到在大学遇到一群从事剧院工作的天才人物，他才意识到表演可能是他的事业。

【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，who were involved in…修饰先行词a group of talented people。

【词语点拨】1) predict vt. 预言，预计

Population experts predict that most people will live in cities in the near future. 人口专家预言，在不久的将来大多数人都会住到城市里。

It has been predicted that mobile phones will provide English learning programs by 2030. 预计到2030年手机将能提供英语学习程序。 2) convinced adj. 确信的，坚信的 Sam nodded but he didn’t look convinced. 山姆点了点头，但似乎半信半疑。 3) be /get involved in/ with 参加，加入

Children can get a lot out of being involved in volunteer work. 孩子们通过参加志愿者工作会学到很多东西。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句，who were involved in…修饰先行词a group of talented people ; who作为关系代词引导非限制性定语从句指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，不能与that 互换，具体用法参见第91句。

95. After many years of studying and then listening to feedback from people who have read and used the information in his books, George discovered that there are three basic things that people need in order to make eating healthy foods their regular way of eating.

【句式翻译】经过多年的研究，并且倾听了那些读过和使用过他书内信息的人的意见反馈后，乔治发现要使食用健康食物成为人们日常饮食生活方式，人们需要三项基本的东西。 【句式分析】本句包含两个定语从句，who have read and used…修饰先行词people; that people need 修饰先行词three basic things。 【词语点拨】1) discover vt. 发现，找到

Scientists around the world are working to discover a cure for Aids. 2) regular adj. 规则的，有规律的；频繁的，经常做的; 惯常的，通常的 There is a regular bus service to the airport.

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有班车定时发往机场。

He is a regular visitor to her house. 他是她家的常客。

It’s important to follow the regular procedure 按照惯常的程序行事很重要。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句，who have read and used…修饰先行词people; that people need 修饰先行词three basic things; who作为关系代词引导非限制性定语从句指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，不能与that 互换，具体用法参见第85句; that作为关系代词引导定语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，具体用法参见第72句。

96. The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is that I think there are very few places in which we can have deep conversations and truly engage in complex ideas.

【句式翻译】我让学生远离科技的真正原因是我认为很少有我们能进行深入谈话和真正探讨复杂想法的场所。

【句式分析】本句包含两个定语从句，why I ask students to…修饰先行词the real reason; in which we can …修饰先行词few places。

【词语点拨】1) engage (sb) in /on （使某人）参加，参与（活动）

The program aims to encourage students to engage themselves in making a difference in society.

这个项目旨在鼓励学生投入社会，发挥自己的作用。 2) complex adj. 复杂的，复合的

The link between money and happiness is complex. 金钱与幸福之间关系复杂。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句why I ask students to…修饰先行词the real reason; in which we can…修饰先行词few places; why作为关系副词引导定语从句在从句中作原因状语,具体用法参见第74句；in which…引导的定语从句属于介词+关系代词，在此结构中指物只能用which。具体用法参见第68句。

97. It is a network of offices, some of which provide food and houses for the homeless population, and some of which fight for the passing of laws that would give every American the fight to a place to call home.

【句式翻译】该组织是办公联网，一些旨在为无家可归的人提供食物和住处，一些是要为每个美国人争取获得房屋的权利。

【句式分析】本句包含三个定语从句，两个并列的定语从句some of which provide food…与some of which fight for…共同修饰先行词a network of offices; that would give …修饰先

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行词laws。

【词语点拨】1) provide vt. 提供；供应, 具体用法参见第60句。

【语法点拨】本句中两个并列的定语从句some of which provide food…与some of which fight for…共同修饰先行词a network of offices; that would give …修饰先行词laws; some of which …引导的定语从句属于介词+关系代词，在此结构中指物只能用which. 具体用法参见句68; that作为关系代词引导定语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，具体用法参见第72句。

98. Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?

【句式翻译】鉴于事实情况确实如此，那么我们为什么不像教学生算数学、开车或者保持健康那样来教育学生应对同学间的冲突和摩擦呢？

【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，they are taught …修饰先行词the way。 【词语点拨】1) given prep. 考虑到 adj. 特定的 Given their inexperience, they’ve done a good job. 考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们已经做得不错。

Given that he can get another chance, he will surely succeed. 如果他能再次得到机会的话，他肯定会成功的。 They were to meet at a given time and place. 他们要在规定的时间和地点会晤。 2) solve vt. 解决，解答

I’m trying to solve this problem, but I can’t find the right solution. 我正试图解决这个问题，可是找不到正确的方法。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句they are taught …修饰先行词the way; the way 作先行词，若在从句中作状语，通常由that、in which 引导，也可省略。如： The way (that/ in which ) you answer the questions was admirable. 你回答这些问题的方式令人羡慕。

What surprised me was not what he said but the way (that/in which) he said it. 最让我吃惊的不是他说的话，而是他说活的方式。

99. We even have different word for some foods, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming. while the upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating. 【句式翻译】我们甚至对某些食物有不同的单词，特别是肉类，取决于它是长在田野里，还是在家里准备煮着吃，这就表明一个事实，即萨克森农民在农田干活，而上层阶级的诺曼人在大吃大喝。

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【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，which shows the fact…修饰前面整个句子。 【词语点拨】1) in particular 特别，尤其；具体用法参见第37句。 2)depend on 依靠，依赖；具体用法参见第37句。

【语法点拨】本句中定语从句which shows the fact…修饰前面整个句子；which 作为关系代词引导定语从句指物或指整个主句的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语, 具体用法参见第71句。

100. One bright hour with this friend is worh more to me than the lifetime services of a psychologist(心理学家), who will only fill up the healing (愈合的) silence necessary to those darkest moments in which I would rather be my own best friend.

【句式翻译】与这样的朋友在一起一个小时对我而言胜过心理学家一生的帮助，心理学家仅能填补将要愈合的沉默，这在最黑暗的时刻是必要的，而我宁愿在这个时候独处。 【句式分析】本句包含两个定语从句，who will only fill up the healing…修饰a psychologist，在该句中in which I would rather be my own best friend是定语从句修饰先行词moments。 【词语点拨】1) worth n.价值，用处 adj.有某种价值；值得（做某事） The old stamp is worth about 5,000 yuan. 这张旧邮票值大概5000元。

An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. 一日之季在于晨。

Tickets for a good concert are worth waiting for. 经典音乐会的门票值得等。 2) fill up 充满，填满

Shall I fill the car up (with petrol)? 要不要我给车加满汽油？ 3）would rather 宁愿，宁可 She would rather die than give in. 她宁死不屈。

I would rather that you told me the truth. 我真希望你能告诉我真相。

【语法点拨】本句中who will only fill up the healing…修饰a psychologist，在该句中in which I would rather be my own best friend是定语从句修饰先行词moments；who作为关系代词引导非限制性定语从句指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，不能与that 互换，具体用法参见第85句; in which I would rather…引导的定语从句属于介词+关系代词， 在此结构中指物只能用which。具体用法参见第68句。

101. Reading fiction allows me to travel across the high seas and along the Silk

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Road, all from the comfort of my own armchair, to experience, though secondhand, exciting experiences that I wouldn’t necessarily be able to have in my lifetime. 【句式翻译】阅读小说使得我享受着坐在扶手椅上的舒适就能在深海和丝绸之 路进行旅游，这种让人兴奋的体验尽管是间接的却又是我一生所必然体验不到 的。

【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，that I wouldn’t necessarily…修饰先行词 experiences。

【词语点拨】1) comfort n.舒适；安逸；令人感到安慰的人或物 vt.安慰

Take a small step out of your comfort zone and try to make someone’s day a little brighter. 从你的舒适地带迈出一小步，为他人带去一点阳光吧。 A hot cup of milk on a cold night is a real comfort. 在寒冷的夜晚喝杯热牛奶真舒服。

The little boy fell down and his mother comforted him. 小男孩摔倒了，于是他的妈妈哄了哄他。

2) experience vt.体验；经历，遭受 n.「U」经验；「C」经历，体验 We learn from the past, experience the present and hope for success in the future. 我们从过去中学习，体验现在，展望未来。

Having experienced earthquakes before, I wasn’t frightened. 由于过去经历过地震，所以我不害怕。

If you wish to succeed, you should use persistence as your good friend, experience as your reference.

如果你希望成功，当以恒心为良友，经验为参谋。 He had many interesting experiences while traveling in Africa. 他在非洲旅行时，有许多有趣的经历。

【语法点拨】本句中that I wouldn’t necessarily…修饰先行词experiences；that作为关系代词引导定语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，具体用法参见第72句。 102. The danger of what lay ahead of them, the chances of them ever turning to find us, the fear that we might never know their fate and possible delays, at first made us feel low and discouraged.

【句式翻译】起初，他们将面临的危险、回来寻找我们的机会、以及害怕再也无从知晓他们的命运和可能的耽搁，都使我们情绪低落、沮丧不已。

【句式分析】本句包含一个介词宾语从句和一个同位语从句，what lay ahead of them作介词of 的宾语；that we might never…作the fear 的同位语。 【词语点拨】1) ahead of 在…前面

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The time here is 9 hours ahead of London. 这里的时间比伦敦早9个小时。

2) discourage vt.使泄气，使沮丧 discouraged adj.泄气的，失去信心的 We discouraged you from smoking except in specific areas. 除特定的区域外，我们禁止吸烟。

The news that he had failed the exam made him discouraged. 他考试失败的消息让他很泄气。

【语法点拨】本句中what lay ahead of them作介词of 的宾语；that we might never…作the fear 的同位语;连接代词what 引导介词宾语从句，在从句中可作主语或宾语；连词that 引导同位语从句没有词义，不作成分，不能省略。如：

After what seemed a very long time, I opened my eyes and found myself in bed. 在很长时间后，我睁开眼睛发现自己躺在床上。

There is a feeling in me that we’ll never know what a UFO is -- not ever. 我有一种感觉，我们将永远不会知道不明飞行物是什么—永远都不会。 103. A recent study showed that almost two thirds of parents believed that schools should do more to teach pupils about financial matters, and almost half said that their children had asked them what was going on, although a minority of parents felt that they didn’t understand it themselves well enough to explain.

【句式翻译】最近一份研究表明尽管少数的父母觉得他们自己也不明白来解释财政方面的事情，但几乎三分之二的父母认为学校应该更多的教学生一些关于财政方面的事情，并且将近一半的父母说他们的孩子问过他们发生什么事情了。

【句式分析】本句包含一个宾语从句，that almost two thirds…well enough to explain是宾语从句，作show 的宾语；在该句中that schools should do more to teach pupils about financial matters作believed的宾语，that their children had asked them what was going on作said 的宾语，that they didn’t understand it themselves well enough to explain作felt 的宾语。 【词语点拨】a minority of 少数

Only a minority of British households don’t have a car. 英国只有少数家庭没有汽车。

【语法点拨】本句中that almost two thirds…well enough to explain是宾语从句，

作show的宾语；在该句中that schools should do more to teach pupils about financial matters作believed 的宾语，that their children had asked them what was going on作said 的宾语，that they didn’t understand it themselves well enough to explain作felt 的宾语；连词that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以

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能省略,但是句中若有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也 不可省略第二个that。如：

Do you know (that) he has joined the army? 你知道他参军了吗？

I believe (that) you have done your best and that things will improve. 我相信你已经尽了力，我也相信一切会好起来的。

104. Two thirds of customers say that environmental considerations affect their purchases to the same degrees as they did a year ago, while more than a quarter say that they are now even better aware of the environmental effect on what they buy.

【句式翻译】三分之二的顾客说正如一年前一样，对环境的考虑会影响到他们所购买的东西，而超过四分之一的人说他们现在比以前能更好地意识到环保对他们所购物品的影响。 【句式分析】本句包含两个宾语从句，that environmental considerations affect…作say的宾语；that they are now even better…作say的宾语，在该句中what they buy又作介词on 的宾语。

【词语点拨】1)affect vt.影响；感动；具体用法参见第7句。 2) effect n. 影响, 作用；固定短语：have (an) effect on = affect Early people had very little effect on the environment. 早期人类对环境没有多少影响。 3) aware adj.意识到，觉察到

People around the world should be aware of the real situation of water shortage. 全世界人民都应该意识到水资源短缺的真实情况。

People are now aware that helping others is helping themselves. 现在人们意识到帮助别人就是帮助自己。

【语法点拨】本句中that environmental considerations affect…作say的宾语；that they are now even better…作say的宾语，在该句中what they buy 又作介词on 的 宾语；连词that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以能省略,但是句中 若有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that, 也不可省略第二个 that, 具体用法参见第103句。

105. Nancy and her colleagues at that university found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gain on a standard test of attention.

【句式翻译】南希和她在大学的同事在他们的研究中发现，因家庭搬迁而经历了最大程度的绿色的孩子在标准的注意力测试中取得的成绩最好。

【句式分析】本句包含一个宾语从句，that kids who experienced …作found 的

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宾语，在该句中who experienced the greatest…a family move是定语从句，修 饰先行词that kids。

【词语点拨】as a result (of ) 作为（……的）结果

Alice overslept this morning. As a result, se was late for work. 爱丽丝今天早上睡过头了，结果上班迟到了。

About 21 million people died during the 1990s as a result of smoking. 20世纪90年代约有2100万人死于吸烟。

【语法点拨】本句中that kids who experienced …作found 的宾语，在该句中 who experienced the greatest…a family move是定语从句，修饰先行词that kids。 连词that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以能省略,但是句中若有两 个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that, 也不可省略第二个that, 具 体用法参见第103句；who 作为关系代词引导定语从句指人并在从句中作主语 或宾语，具体用法参见第70句。

106. Tanner and his team found that students in classrooms with unblocked views of

at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than did students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots. 【句式翻译】泰纳和他的工作组发现，在窗外至少50英尺视野都没有受遮挡的教室里学习的学生，比那些在可以俯瞰街道和停车场的教室里学习的学生在词汇测试、语言艺术和数学方面测试的分数要高。

【句式分析】本句包含一个宾语从句，that students in classrooms with…作found 的宾语；在该句中又包含一个定语从句，whose classrooms primarily…修饰先行词students。 【词语点拨】1) view n. 视野，视线；风景，景色; 看法，见解 The lake came into view as we turned the corner. 我们转过弯就看见那个湖了。

While climbing the mountain, we enjoyed the warm sunshine and a beautiful view. 爬山时，我们享受着温暖的阳光，欣赏着美丽的风景。 In my view, playing computer games is a waste of time. 在我看来，玩电脑游戏浪费时间。 2) at least 至少，起码

I need at least five days to complete the task. 我至少需要5天时间完成这项任务。 3) overlook vt. 俯瞰，眺望；忽略，未注意到

Many of them went to the cemetery and memorial which overlooks Omaha Beach. 他们中有很多人去了解俯瞰奥马哈海滩的公墓和纪念碑。

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It is easy to overlook a small detail like that. 那样的小细节和容易被忽略。

【语法点拨】本句中that students in classrooms with…作found 的宾语；在该句 包含一个定语从句，whose classrooms primarily…修饰先行词students; 连词that 引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以能省略,但是句中若有两个并列的 that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that, 也不可省略第二个that, 具体用法参 见第103句; 关系代词whose作定语, 可以指人或物。如： This is the scientists whose achievements are well known. 这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。

We had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear. 我们举行了一次会议，其目的完全不明确。

107. I agree with the decision of the courts and medical institutions in the United States, that in the case of long-term coma states, close family members should be allowed to take their loved one off life support machines.

【句式翻译】我赞成美国法院和医疗机构的决定，就长期昏迷状态而言，近亲家属应该获准让他们挚爱的人脱离生命供养机。

【句式分析】本句包含一个同位语从句，that in the case of…作the decision 的同位语。 【词语点拨】1) agree with 同意，赞同；与…相符，与…一致；（气候、食物等）适合 I quite agree with him on sports. 我非常同意他在运动方面的观点。 His words don’t agree with his actions. 他言行不一致。

You look well. The air and the sea foods in Sanya must agree with you, I suppose. 你看起来气色不错。我想三亚的空气和海上食品一定适合你。 2)in the case of / in sb’s case 就某人的情况来说 In her case, she failed the exam because she wasn’t well. 就她的情况来看，她是因为生病而没考及格。

【语法点拨】本句中that in the case of …作the decision 的同位语;连词that 引导同位语从句没有词义，不作成分，不能省略，具体用法参见第102句。

108. As studies continue to prove Traditional Chinese Medicine’s worth, especially in helping patients with cancer and AIDS, it becomes more and more obvious that Western Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine complement each other.

【句式翻译】随着研究继续证明传统中医药学的价值，尤其是在帮助病人治疗癌症和艾滋病方面，越来越明显的是西医和中医可以互补。

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【句式分析】本句包含一个主语从句，that Western Medicine…是主语从句，其中it 作形式主语。

【词语点拨】1) continue v. 继续，持续

I hope that this kind of activity will continue in the future. 我希望这种活动今后能继续办下去。

Excited by the find, Broad asked his students to continue his research. 这个发现大大鼓舞了布罗德，于是他让自己的学生继续他的研究工作。 How can you continue to work with all that noise going on? 吵闹声不绝于耳，你怎么还能工作得下去呢？

2) complement vt.与（某事物）结合（相辅相成）n.补充物 His business skill complements her flair for design. 他的经营技巧和她的设计才能相辅相成。

【语法点拨】本句中that Western Medicine…是主语从句，其中it 作形式主语；连词that 引导的从句作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，常见的句型有：

1) It + be + 形容词（obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, probable, certain, etc.）+ that 从句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 可以肯定她会考得很好。

2) It+be+名词词组（no wonder, an honor, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.）+ that从句。如：

It is no surprise that our team has won the game. 我们队赢了比赛并不惊奇。

3) It+be+过去分词（said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, ect.）+ that 从句。如：

It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday. 已经定下来，会议推迟到了下周一。

109. I asked her how she had achieved success and she told me that being curious, working hard, and believing in what was true made her the success she is today.

【句式翻译】我问她是怎样获得成功的，她告诉我是好奇心、努力工作和忠于事实的原则使她成为今日的成功者。

【句式分析】本句包含两宾语从句，how she had achieved success作asked的宾语；that being curious, working hard, and believing in what…作told的宾语,在该句中what was true作believe in 的宾语。

【词语点拨】1) achieve vt.取得，实现 vi.获得成功

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No one can achieve anything without effort. 没有人能够不努力就有所成就。

He is an excellent lawyer with a good brain and a determination to achieve. 他是位优秀的律师，有着一副好脑筋和必胜的决心。 2) curious adj.好奇的

For forty years scientists have been curious about that fish. 40年来，科学家一直对那种鱼感到好奇。 We are curious to know where she’s gone. 我们很想知道她去哪儿了。

【语法点拨】本句中how she had achieved success 作asked 的宾语；that being curious, working hard, and believing in what…作 told 的宾语，在该句中what was true 又作believe in 的宾语,具体用法参见第102句；连词that 引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略,但是句中若有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that，具体用法参见第103句。连接副词how 可以引导宾语从句。如： As a new diplomat, he often considers how he can react more appropriately on such occations. 作为一名新的外交官，他经常思考在这样的场合他怎样才能更恰当的作出反应。 110. The numbers of Galapagos tortoises are said to have begun their decline when

it was realized that they could supply excellent fresh meat for passenger ships, because they were known to be able to survive for six months without food and water.

【句式翻译】据说当人们意识到加拉帕格斯海龟能够给过往的船只提供鲜美的肉食时，他们的数量就开始下降了，因为人们知道这些海龟能够不吃不喝生存六个月之久。 【句式分析】本句包含一个主语从句，that they could supply…是主语从句，其中it 作形式主语。

【词语点拨】1) number n.数字，数目; a number of 许多; 后接复数名词, 作主语时，谓语动词用复数; the number of…的数目，后接复数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 A number of researchers were invited to attend the meeting, but the number of researchers present was only 50.

许多研究者被邀请参加这个会议， 但是出席的人的数目仅有50个。 2) decline vi.减少, 下降 vt.谢绝, 拒绝

According to scientists, our mental abilities begin to decline from the age of 27 reaching the highest level at 22.

在科学家看来，我们的智力能力在22岁到达最高水平后从27岁开始下降。 In spite of many inviations, he would always decline to visit Oxford. 尽管多次受到邀请，他还是拒绝去牛津。

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3) supply vt.供应, 供给 n.供应；

Those children are not well supplied with books for studying. 提供给那些孩子的学习用书不够充足。

The media supplies lots of information to us every day. 媒体每天提供给我们很多信息。

Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. 干净的水供应和洗手是预防疾病的切实有效的方法。 4) survive vi.幸存，还生 vt.经历…幸存，比…活得长 To survive in the forest, animals must climb from tree to tree. 要想在森林里生存下来，动物必须有爬树的本领。 She survived her husband by ten years. 她比她的丈夫多活了10年。

【语法点拨】本句中that they could supply…是主语从句，其中it 作形式主语；连词that 引导的从句作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，具体用法参见第108句。

111. Two out of three people think that it is important to buy from environmentally responsible companies, with about one in seven saying that they had even decided to take their custom elsewhere if they felt a company’s environmental reputation was not good enough.

【句式翻译】三分之二的人认为买那些对环境负责人的公司的产品是重要的，七分之一的人认为如果他们感觉这个公司在环保方面的名声不够好，他们会决定去其他地方买东西 。 【句式分析】本句包含两个宾语从句，that it is important to…作think的宾语；that they had even decided to…作saying 的宾语。

【词语点拨】1) responsible adj.有责任的，尽责的 All pilots should be responsible for their passengers’ safety. 所有的飞机驾驶员均应该对乘客的安全负责。

2) custom n.习俗，风俗，惯例 n.经常向某商人、商店等购物 It is difficult to get used to another country’s customs. 要适应另一个国家的风俗习惯很难。 I shall withdraw my custom from that shop. 我不再去那家商店买东西了。 3) reputation n.名声，声誉

The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good reputation.

这名医生擅长治疗心脏疾病并且从不接收病人的任何礼品，因此他有个好名声。 【语法点拨】本句中that it is important to…作think 的宾语；that they had even decided to…

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作saying 的宾语；连词that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以能省略,但是句中若有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that，具体用法参见第103句。

112. They believe (that) their dance with each sacred (神圣的) moment of life is a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can bring the rain needed for emotional and spiritual growth.

【句式翻译】他们相信他们与每一个神圣的时刻的舞蹈是生命的一个礼物，风暴是生活中很自然的一部分，它为情感和心灵的成长带来雨水的滋润。

【句式分析】本句包含两个并列的宾语从句和一个定语从句，their dance with…与that storms are…两个并列的宾语从句，作believe 的宾语；which can bring…引导定语从句，修饰先行词storms。

【词语点拨】gift n. 礼物，赠品才 n.天赋，天资, 才能 One of my wonderful memories is about a Christmas gift. 我最美好的记忆之一是关于圣诞礼物的。

I’ve always been able to learn languages easily, beacaue I have a gift for it. 我学习语言一向是轻而易举，因为这是天赋。

【语法点拨】本句中their dance with…与that storms are…两个并列的宾语从句，作believe 的宾语；连词that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略,但是句中若有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that，故their dance with…前省略了连词that，具体用法参见第103句;which 作为关系代词引导定语从句指物或指整个主句的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语, 具体用法参见第71句。

113. In a more recent study, Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to how well they can write.

【句式翻译】在最近的一个研究中，贝尔宁格了解了拼写在一个学生的写作技巧中扮演什么角色，发现孩子拼写的好坏与写作的好坏是有联系的。

【句式分析】本句包含两个宾语从句,what role spelling plays…作looked at 的宾语；that how well children spell…作found 的宾语，在本句中how well children spell又作该宾语从句的主语，how well they can write作is tied to 的宾语。

【词语点拨】1)play a role in 在……中起作用，扮演……角色 Farming plays an important role in the country’s economy. 农业对该国经济起着重要作用。

He played a role in the play, which made his mother happy. 他在剧中扮演了一个角色，这让他的妈妈很开心。 2) tie n.领带，联系 vt.（用带、绳、线等）系，栓

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The firm has close ties with an American corporation. 这家商行与一家美国公司关系密切。 It took him a long time to tie the horse to the tree. 他花费了很长时间才把马拴在了树上。

【语法点拨】本句中what role spelling plays…作looked at 的宾语；that how well children spell…作found 的宾语，在本句中how well children spell又作该宾语从句的主语，how well they can write作is tied to 的宾语；连接代词what 引导宾语从句，有时可以作前置定语，如what help, what funny stories 等；连接副词how 可以引导宾语从句，具体用法参见第109句。如：

We still don’t know what side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it.

尽管有2000名病人已服用了这种药，但我们仍然不知道它会带来什么副作用。 114. The January 12 Haiti earthquake and its aftershocks(余震)killed or injured hundreds of thousands of people in the Baribbean island nation, mostly as a result of what engineers call structural failure—buildings collapsing, roofs falling in, that sort of thing.

【句式翻译】1月12日海地地震和余震造成加勒比岛国数万人死伤，大部分是由于工程师们所说的结构故障，比如建筑物倒塌，屋顶坠落这种事情。

【句式分析】本句包含一个介词宾语从句，what engineers call…作介词of 的宾语。 【词语点拨】failure n.「U」失败；「C」失败的人/事; 具体用法参见第87句。

【语法点拨】本句中what engineers call…作介词of 的宾语；连接代词what 引导介词宾语从句，在从句中可作主语或宾语，具体用法参见第102句。

115. Media reports said that the House would meet and discuss a surveyor’s report which culd recommend lawmakers move out for repairs costing up to one billion pounds, while the Daily Telegraph said that another proposal might be to sell to Russian or Chinese developers for about 500 million pounds.

【句式翻译】媒体报道说议院将会开会讨论一份检测官的报告，这份报告建议立法者搬出去以花费10亿英镑对大本钟的钟楼进行维修，而《每日电讯报》则称另一个建议是以5亿英镑的价格卖给俄罗斯或中国的开发者。

【句式分析】本句包含两个宾语从句，that the House would meet and discuss…one billion poundsaid 的宾语；that another proposal might be…作the Daily Telegraph said的宾语。 【词语点拨】1) recommend vt. 推荐, 介绍；劝告，建议 I recommend this book to anyone with an interest in art. 我把这本书推荐给对艺术感兴趣的人。

They have recommended that the site (should) be closed and repaired.

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他们已经提出关闭这个遗址并进行维修的建议。 2) up to 达到；直到；轮到，该由；从事于，忙于 I can take up to four people in my car. 我的车最多能坐4个人。

Up to now, I’ve understand everything the teacher’s said. 到现在，我已经理解了老师所讲的全部内容。 It’s up to you to find out what your goals really are. 你真正的目标是什么只能由你来决定。 What are you up to this weekend? 这周末你打算做什么？ 3) proposal n.建议，提议

He made a proposal that the meeting (should) be postponed. 他提议会议延期。

【语法点拨】本句中that the House would meet and discuss…one billion pounds 作said 的宾语；that another proposal might be…作the Daily Telegraph said的宾 语；连词that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以能省略,但是句中若 有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that, 也不可省略第二个that, 具体用法参见第103句。

116. He also dismissd concern in the media that parliament was slipping into the Thames, while the commission’s spokesman denied that the walls around the palace were suffering from a particularly bad sinking problem causing Big Ben to lean.

【句式翻译】他还摒除了媒体对议会会滑落到泰晤士河的顾虑，而委员会的发言人则否认是宫殿周围的墙受到严重的下沉，使得大本钟倾斜。

【句式分析】本句包含一个同位语从句和一个宾语从句，that parliament was slipping into the Thames作concern 的同位语；that the walls around the palace were suffering from…作denied 的宾语。

【词语点拨】1) concern n.担心，忧虑 vt.与…有关，涉及，影响；使担心 Issues like food safety do concern me. 食品安全这类问题确实让我很担心。

On the whole the warming of the earth is a phenomenon that causes great concern. 总的说来，地球变暖现象引起了极大的忧虑。 This chapter concerns itself with the historical background. 本章是关于历史背景的。

They meet every summer to discuss major problems that concern the whole world.

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每年夏天他们都这类问题确实让我担心。 2)deny vt.否认，否定

He denied taking money but we were sceptical. 他否认收受了贿赂，但我们很怀疑。 I never deny that you’re a great intellect. 我从不否认你很有才智。 3) suffer from v.经历，遭受

He is suffering from the loss of his old friend. 他正遭受失去朋友的痛苦。

【语法点拨】本句中that parliament was slipping into the Thames作concern 的同 位语；that the walls around the palace were suffering from…作denied 的宾语；连 词that 引导同位语从句没有词义，不作成分，不能省略，具体用法参见第102 句；连词that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以能省略,但是句中若 有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that, 也不可省略第二个that, 具体用法参见第103句。

117. Most music critics also say that her music often sounds a bit like the work of other artists, and she herself is quite open about the fact that singers such as Madonna have been a big influence on her.

【句式翻译】大多数音乐评论家还说她的音乐经常听起来有点象其他艺术家的作品，而她本人对此很坦率一些歌手象麦当娜对她有很大影响。

【句式分析】本句包含一个宾语从句和一个同位语从句，that her music often sounds…作say的宾语；that singers such as Madonna have been…作the fact的同位语。 【词语点拨】influnce n. 影响; vt. 影响; 具体用法参见第83句。

【语法点拨】本句中that her music often sounds…作say的宾语；that singers such as Madonna have been…作the fact的同位语; 连词that 引导同位语从句没有词 义，不作成分，不能省略，具体用法参见第102句；连词that引导宾语从句没 有词义，不作成分，通常可以能省略,但是句中若有两个并列的that 从句作宾 语，即使省略了第一个that, 也不可省略第二个that, 具体用法参见第103句。

118. It doesn’t matter what the topic is -- polictics, the laws of physics, or the proper way to break an egg -- the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong, for both wish to be considered an authority -- someone who actually knows something and therefore to command respect.

【句式翻译】主题是什么并不要紧—政治、物理法则、或打鸡蛋的恰当方法—争论的要点是要证明你是对的，另一个人是错的，因为双方都希望被证明是了解某事的权威以博得尊

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敬。

【句式分析】本句包含一个主语从句和一个宾语从句,what the topic is是主语从句，that you are right and the other person is wrong 是宾语从句作prove 的宾语。 【词语点拨】1) point n.分数；观点，要点 vt.指出，指向 I’d like to make one point before I stop. 结束前我想提出最后一个看法。 It is rude to point your finger at others. 对人指指点点是不礼貌的。

2) command n.命令，指挥；vt.命令，指挥

The fire officer took command, ordering everyone to leave the building. 消防员开始指挥大家离开大楼。

The teacher commanded that he (should) go out of the classroom. 老师命令他离开教室。

4) respect n.尊敬，尊重 vt.尊敬，尊重

We should show our respect for old people, our parents and our teachers. 我们应该尊敬老人、父母和老师。

The media should respect famous people’s privacy. 媒体应当尊重名人的隐私。

【语法点拨】本句中what the topic is 是主语从句，其中it 作形式主语；that you are right and the other person is wrong 是宾语从句作prove 的宾语；连词that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略,但是句中若有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that，具体用法参见第103句。

119. It so happened that in this village there were many shoemakers who were spending a lot of money to buy tacks for their shoes and even at times when they paid high prices they were not always able to get what they wanted, because in that part of the country there was a high demand for soldiers’ shoes.

【句式翻译】碰巧在这个村庄有很多的鞋匠花很多钱去买鞋钉，并且甚至有时他们花高价也并不总能够买到他们想要的东西，因为在那个国家急需士兵的鞋。

【句式分析】本句包含一个主语从句，that in this village there were many…是主语从句,常用it作形式主语；在该主语从句中who were spending a lot of money…是定语从句修饰先行词shoemakers；when they paid high prices是定语从句修饰先行词times; what they wanted作动词get 的宾语。

【词语点拨】1) It (so) happens that…碰巧，偶然 happen to do sth碰巧 It so happened that I had no money with me.

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不巧我身上没带钱。

Do you happen to know what’s on after the news? 你知道新闻之后是什么节目吗？ 2) demand n.需要，需求 vt. (强烈)要求

The demand for natural resources is becoming an increasingly serious problem for the future of mankind.

对于未来的人类，对自然资源的需求正成为一个日益严峻的问题。

When your child demands that you (should) buy something, explain why you really don’t want to buy it.

当孩子要求你买东西时，要向他解释为什么你不想买。

【语法点拨】本句中，that in this village there were many…是主语从句,常用it 作形式主语；在该主语从句中who were spending a lot of money…是定语从句修饰先行词shoemakers；when they paid high prices是定语从句修饰先行词times; what they wanted作动词get 的宾语；连词that 引导的从句作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，具体用法参见第108句。 120. Consider another fact that bottled water is surprisingly expensive, especially when compared with the alternative, which is almost free, and it is astonishing that America’s desire for bottled water seems impossible to satisfy, reaching nearly 30 billion bottles a year. 【句式翻译】考虑另外一个事实：瓶装水出乎意料地贵，尤其是和另一种几乎是免费的选择相比，美国人对瓶装谁的需求似乎是不可能满足的，每年几乎达到300亿瓶，这是令人吃惊的。

【句式分析】本句包含一个同位语从句和一个主语从句，that bottled water is…作fact 的同位语；that America’s desire for bottled water…是主语从句,it 是形式主语。 【词语点拨】1) compare vt. 对比，比较

固定短语：compare A to/with B 把A 同B 作比较；compare A to B 把A比喻作B；compared to/ with 与…比较起来。

Compare this to/ with that and you will see which is better. 把这个跟那个作对比，你就能看出哪一个更好。 Young people are often comapred to the rising sun. 年轻人常被比喻作冉冉升起的太阳。

Compared with/to you, we still have a long way to go. 和你们比起来我们还有很大的差距。

2) alternative n.选择，供选择的东西 adj.供替代的，二者择一的

Minibuses with seats for 12 passengers offer an alternative to expensive taxis and crowded public transport.

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相对于昂贵的出租车和拥挤的公共交通，12座的小公共汽车提供了另一种选择。 As there is less and less coal and oil, scientists are exploring new ways of making use of alternative energy, such as sunlight, wind and water for power and fuel.

随着煤和油变得越来越少，科学家正在开拓新的使用可替代能源的方法， 比如阳光、风和水作燃料。

3) desire n.愿望，欲望，渴望 vt.渴望，希望

The program is aimed at inspiring a strong desire for discovery on the part of the students. 这个项目旨在激起学生强烈的探索欲望。

A home of her own was something she had always desired. 她一直渴望有个自己的家。

【语法点拨】本句中that bottled water is…作fact 的同位语；that America’s desire for bottled water…是主语从句,it 是形式主语;连词that 引导同位语从句没有词义，不作成分，不能省略，具体用法参见第102句;连词that 引导的从句作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，具体用法参见第108句。

121. On the other hand, there are those, like scientist George Hambley, who believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air and that some scientists’ concerns about global warming are just speculation.

【句式翻译】另一方面，还有些人，像科学家乔治 汉布利，他们认为我们不必担心空气中会有高含量的二氧化碳，一些科学家对全球变暖的担心只是推测。

【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句和两个并列的宾语从句，who believe that we should…are just speculation是定语从句，修饰先行词George Hambley; 在该定语从句中that we should not worry about…与and that some scientists’ concerns about…是并列的宾语从句，作believe 的宾语。

【词语点拨】on (the) one hand…on the other hand 一方面……另一方面……

On (the) one hand,computers improve the working efficiency; on the other hand, they also bring about some new problems.

一方面，计算机提高了人们的工作效率，另一方面，也引起了新问题。

【语法点拨】本句中who believe that we should…are just speculation 是定语从句，修饰先行词George Hambley; 在该定语从句中that we should not worry about…与and that some scientists’ concerns about…是并列的宾语从句，作believe 的宾语；who作为关系代词引导非限制性定语从句指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，不能与that 互换，具体用法参见第85句；连词that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略,但是句中若有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that，具体用法参见第103句。

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122. The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account that those people most at risk for skin cancer -- people with fair skin and freckles (雀斑), for example -- are more likely to use sunscreen.

【句式翻译】研究人员说早期的研究有一些问题，其中一个是他们没能考虑到有皮肤癌危险的人—皮肤白皙且有雀斑的人—更可能使用防晒霜。

【句式分析】本句包含一个宾语从句和一个表语从句，that among the problems…作said 的宾语；that they often failed to…是表语从句，在该句中又含有一个宾语从句，that those people most at risk…作take into account 的宾语。

【词语点拨】1) take sth into account / take account of sth 考虑到，把……考虑进去 One must take the audience into account when making speeches. 演讲时要考虑听众。

The company takes account of environmental issues wherever possible. 只要有可能，这家公司都会考虑到环境问题。 2) at risk (from/ of )有危险

If we go to war, innocent lives will be put at risk. 如果我们发动战争，无辜的生命就会受到威胁。

The water level has risen so high in several places that many homes are at risk from flooding. 一些地方水位升高，很多房子都有被洪水淹没的危险。

【语法点拨】本句中that among the problems…作said 的宾语；that they often failed to…是表语从句，在该句中又含有一个宾语从句，that those people most at risk…作take into account 的宾语；连词that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略,但是句中若有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that，具体用法参见第103句;连词that 引导表语从句没有词义，不作成分，不能省略。如： My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 o’clock tomorrow morning. 我们的决定是我们所有的人明天早上6点出发。

123. A construction expert who worked on the leaning tower of Pisa in Italy and a multi-storey car park under the houses of parliament in central London, said that there was nothing to worry about, and that it would take 10,000years to reach an angle of concern.

【句式翻译】曾在意大利的比萨斜塔和伦敦中部议会下方的多层停车场工作过的一名建筑专家说没有必要担心，并且还需要一万年它才到达让人担心的角度。

【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句和两个并列的宾语从句，who worked on…in central London是定语从句，修饰先行词expert; that there was nothing to worry about与that it would take 10,000years to reach an angle of concern并列作said 的宾语。 【词语点拨】It takes sb (sth) to do 做…需要某人……

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It took me 20 minutes to find another space. 我花了20分钟才找到另一片空地。 It takes hard work to make dreams into reality. 实现梦想需要努力。

【语法点拨】本句中who worked on…in central London是定语从句，修饰先行词expert; that there was nothing to worry about与that it would take 10,000years to reach an angle of concern并列作said 的宾语；who 作为关系代词引导定语从句指人并在从句中作主语或宾语，具体用法参见第70句；连词that 引导表语从句没有词义，不作成分，不能省略；引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略,但是句中若有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that，具体用法参见第103句。

124. The fact that it might be possible to raise EQs means that schools need to make sure that their students are receiving the education they really need, and know that their futures are not entirely determined by their IQs.

【句式翻译】情商是可以提高的这一事实意味着学校需要保证学生接受他们真正需要的教育,并且知道他们的未来不全是由智商决定的.

【句式分析】本句包含一个同位语从句和一个宾语从句，that it might be possible…作the fact 的同位语；that schools need to…作mean 的宾语，在该宾语从句中又含有两宾语从句，that their students are receiving…作make sure 的宾语，that their futures are not entirely…作know 的宾语。

【词语点拨】1) it is possible (for sb) to do sth 做…是可能的 It is possible for him to accomplish the task. 他有可能完成这项任务。

2)mean vt.意味着；表示…的意思; 意思是；打算

Spending too much now will mean a shortage of cash next year. 现在花费太多就意味着明年现金短缺。 If you nod your head you usually mean yes. 如果你点头，通常表示你同意。

I have been meaning to ask you if you want to come for a meal next week. 我一直打算问你，下个星期你要不要来吃放。 3) make sure 确定，设法确保

We make sure that we take good care of students on campus. 我们确保在校园里照顾好学生。 4) determine vt.决定，确定

It is your efforts, not your intelligence, that determine your success.

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决定你成功的是努力而非智力。

I am determined to make more efforts to improve my English. 我决心加倍努力提高英语水平。

【语法点拨】本句中that it might be possible…作the fact 的同位语；that schools need to…作mean 的宾语，在该宾语从句中又含有两宾语从句，that their students are receiving…作make sure 的宾语，that their futures are not entirely…作know 的宾语; 连词that 引导同位语从句没有词义，不作成分，不能省略，具体用法参见第102句; 连词that 引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略,但是句中若有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that，具体用法参见第103句。

125. It is a difficult fact to face, but environmental problems are causing what is called “global warming” or in other words, the rise in temperature of the earth’s atmosphere due to ecological changes.

【句式翻译】这是一个难于面对的事实，但是环境问题正在造成所谓的“全球变暖”或者换句话说，由于生态的变化导致的地球气温的增加。

【句式分析】本句包含一个宾语从句, what is called “global warming”作cause的宾语。 【词语点拨】cause n. 理由，缘故；事业 vt.引起，导致；具体用法见第59句

【语法点拨】本句中what is called “global warming”作cause的宾语；连接代词what 引导宾语从句，有时可以作前置定语，如what help, what funny stories 等，具体用法参见第113句。

126. Throughout the twentieth century, advertising agencies promoted consumerism (消费主义) as a way of life, spreading the belief that people could be happy only if they bought the “right” products.

【句式翻译】在20世纪，广告代理商把消费主义推广为一种生活方式，传播只有买合适的产品人们才会快乐的看法。

【句式分析】本句包含一个同位语从句，that people could be happy only if they…作the belief 的同位语。

【词语点拨】1) promote vt.促进，增进；提升，晋升

Good listening can always show respect, promote understanding and improve interpersonal relationship.

认真倾听可以表示尊重，增进理解，建立良好的人际关系。 He has been promoted to general manager. 他已经被提升为总经理。

2) spread vt. 伸开，打开 vi&vt. 传播，（使）蔓延，（使）流传 She spread her arms and the child ran towards her.

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她张开双臂，孩子向她跑去。

Advertising spread quickly throughout the eighteenth century. 广告在18世纪迅速传播。

3) belief n.相信，信任；信念，看法，信仰 I haven’t much belief in his honesty. 我不大相信他是诚实的。

Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. 与大众的看法相反，多数优秀领导是后天培养的而非天生的。

【语法点拨】本句中，that people could be happy only if they…作the belief 的同位语；连词that 引导同位语从句没有词义，不作成分，不能省略，具体用法参见第103句。 127. He suggests that we should change this situation by looking into ten thousand species that could be made use of, which will be a way to reduce the clearing of the natural homes of plants and animals to enlarge farming areas.

【句式翻译】他建议我们通过调查这些可以利用的数万的物种来改变现状， 这种方式可以减少扩大农田为目的而对动植物自然栖息地的清除。

【句式分析】本句包含一个宾语从句,that we should change this situation…作suggest的宾语，在该句中，that could be made use of 作 species 的定语， which will be a way to…修饰整个句子。

【词语点拨】1) suggest vt.提议，建议；具体用法参见第58句 2) look into 观察，调查

Docotor s are looking into the case for new treatment. 医生正在研究这个病例以发现新的治疗方法。 3) make use of 利用

To be a good learner, you must make full use of library books, newspapers and magazines. 要成为善于学习的人，你必须充分利用读书馆里的图书、报纸和杂志。

【语法点拨】本句中that we should change this situation…作suggest的宾语，在该句中，that could be made use of 作 species 的定语，which will be a way to…修饰整个句子；连词that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略,但是句中若有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that，具体用法参见第103句；which 作为关系代词引导定语从句指物或指整个主句的内容，在从句中作主、宾或表语。具体用法参见第71句。

128. Now scientists believe that this peak could result in vast solar explosions that could throw billions of tons of charged matter towards the earth, causing strong solar storms that could jam the telecommunications satellites and internet links sending live Olympic broadcast from

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London.

【句式翻译】如今科学家认为这次（太阳风暴）的高峰会导致产生大量的爆炸物，它们会向地球抛出数十亿吨的带电粒子，从而产生强烈的太阳风暴干扰通信卫星和从伦敦发送奥运直播的网络连接。

【句式分析】本句包含一个宾语从句，that this peak could result in …from London 作believe 的宾语; 在该句中又含有两个定语从句，that could throw billions of tons of …修饰先行词explosions, that could jam the telecommunications satellites…修饰先行词solar storms。 【词语点拨】1) result in 造成，导致 result from 因……发生；随……产生 His hard work resulted in excellent grades in his exams. 他的努力使他在考试中取得了优异的成绩。

Pollution and other serious problems have also resulted from human progress. 人类的发展引起了污染和其他严重的问题。

2) charge vt.（向……）收费，开价；控告；充电 n.费用；主管，负责 I wonder how much you charge for your services. 我想知道你们收取多少服务费。 She is charged with murdering her husband. 她被控告谋害亲夫。

In just minutes a day, plug in and charge your iPhone quickly. 一天中仅几分钟时间，插上电源，苹果手机很快就充好电。 Your order will be sent free of charge. 你订的货物将免费运送。

Could I speak to whoever is in charge of International Sales please? 我能同负责国际销售的主管谈谈吗？

【语法点拨】本句中that this peak could result in…from London 作believe 的宾语; 在该句中又含有两个定语从句，that could throw billions of tons of…修饰先行词explosions, that could jam the telecommunications satellites…修饰先行词solar storms; 连词that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略,但是句中若有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that，具体用法参见第103句;that作为关系代词引导定语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。具体用法参见第71句。 129. At the same time, the authors of the book World Hunger: Twelve Myths argue that there actually is more than enough food in the world and that the hunger crisis is not caused by production, but by problems in food distribution and politics.

【句式翻译】与此同时，《世界饥荒：十二个神话》一书的作者们认为世界上的粮食事实上是足够的，粮食危机4不是产量问题而是食物分配和政治问题。

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【句式分析】本句包含两个并列的宾语从句，that there actually is more than enough food in the world与that the hunger crisis is not caused…是两个并列的宾语从句，作argue 的宾语。 【词语点拨】1) at the same time 同时

Most pepole don’t find it difficult to eat and read the newspaper at the same time. 对于多数人来说，吃东西的时候看报纸并不难。 2) argue v.主张，认为；争论，争辩

She has argued that wild animals should be left in the wild and not used for entertainment or advertisements.

她一直主张让野生动物在大自然中生活，不应将它们用于娱乐和广告。 Do you ever argue with your family about which TV programme to watch? 你曾为看哪个电视节目和家人争论过吗？ 3) not…but 不是……而是

Shakespeare was not a musician but a writer. 莎士比亚不是音乐家而是作家。

【语法点拨】本句中that there actually is more than enough food in the world与that the hunger crisis is not caused…是两个并列的宾语从句，作argue 的宾语；连词that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略,但是句中若有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that，具体用法参见第103句。

130. Another World Bank report concluded that GM crops have little to offer to the challenges of worldwide poverty and hunger, because better ways out are available, among which “green farming” is supposed to be the first choice.

【句式翻译】另一份世界银行的报告断定面对世界贫困和饥饿，转基因作物用处不大，因为有了更好的方法，其中绿色种植被认为是首选。

【句式分析】本句包含一个宾语从句和一个定语从句，that GM crops have little to offer…是宾语从句，作concluded的宾语；among which “green farming” is…是定语从句，修饰先行词better ways out。

【词语点拨】1) conclude vt.推断出，断定；v.结束，终止

Aristotle concluded that heavy objects always fell faster than light ones. 亚里士多德推断出重物总比轻物下落快。 The meeting concluded after three hours. 会议于三小时后结束。

2) offer vt.（主动）提出，提供；n.提供，提议

I have offered to paint the house in exchange for a week’s accommodation. 我已主动提出用粉刷房子换取一周的食宿。

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Working in a team offers me a chance to learn how to get along with others. 团队工作给我提供了一个学习如何与他人相处的机会。 Have you got any job offers? 你收到工作邀请了吗？

3)available adj.可获得的，可利用的；有空的

Just use this room for the time being, and we’ll offer you a larger one as soon as it becomes available.

暂时用这个房间，大些的房间一空出来我们就会提供给你们。 There are plenty of jobs available in the western part of the country. 在这个国家的西部有大量可得的工作。

This is the only day everyone is available, so we shouldn’t put off the meeting. 今天是唯一所有人都在的一天，因此我们不应该推迟会议。 4) be supposed to be/ to do sth 应该，理应

I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decisions of my own. 我到了人生中应该自己拿主意的时候了。

【语法点拨】本句中that GM crops have little to offer…是宾语从句，作concluded的宾语；among which “green farming” is…是定语从句，修饰先行词better ways out；连词that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略,但是句中若有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that，具体用法参见第103句；among which…引导的定语从句属于介词+关系代词，在此结构中指物只能用which。具体用法参见第68句。

131. Howard’s idea was that a group of people should set up a company, borrowing money to establish a garden city in the depressed countryside, far enough from existing cities to make sure that the land was bought at the bottom price.

【句式翻译】霍华德的想法是一群人应建立一个公司，借钱在萧条的农村建立一个花园城市，这个城市要远离现有的城市以确保以最低的价格购买土地。

【句式分析】本句包含一个表语从句和一个宾语从句，that a group of people should set up…at the bottom price 是表语从句，在该句中that the land was bought at the bottom price作make sure 的宾语。

【词语点拨】set up 开办，设立

In 1995, the organization set up an office in Beijing. 1995年这个组织在北京设立了办事处。

【语法点拨】本句中that a group of people should set up…at the bottom price 是表语从句，在该句中that the land was bought at the bottom price作make sure 的宾语；连词that 引导表

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语从句没有词义，不作成分，不能省略，具体用法参见第122句；连词that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略,但是句中若有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that，具体用法参见第103句。

132. So far, there have been no scientific studies to prove this, but the patients themselves report that they feel better after joining an activity with humorous potential, even if it’s just watching a comedy show together with some friends or with other patients.

【句式翻译】迄今为止，尚没有科学的研究来证明这一点，但是病人本人报道在参加了一项幽默潜能的活动后感觉较好，即使是仅仅与朋友或其他病人一起看一部喜剧演出。 【句式分析】本句包含一个宾语从句，that they feel better after…作report的宾语。 【词语点拨】potential n.潜能，可能性 adj.可能的，潜在的 I think the boy has potential in painting, but he needs training. 我认为这男孩有绘画潜质，但需要训练。 The book is likely to be a potential best seller. 这本书可能会成为一部畅销书。

【语法点拨】本句中that they feel better after…作report 的宾语；连词that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略,但是句中若有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that，具体用法参见第103句。

133. Your current requirement that all archaeologically unearthed human remains should be reburied, whether after a standard period of two years or further special extension, is contrary to basic principles of archaeological and scientific research and of museum practice.

【句式翻译】你目前要求所有从地下挖的考古的人类遗址都应重新埋葬，不管是在规定的两年或是特殊延期，这有背于考古学、科学研究及博物馆的基本原则。 【句式分析】本句包含一个同位语从句, that alll archaeologically unearthed human remains should be reburied…作requirement 的同位语。 【词语点拨】1)requirement n.需要（品），要求（物）；必要的条件 Not all foreign visitors satisfy legal entry requirements. 并非所有外宾均符合入境规定。

2) remains n. 遗址，遗迹，废墟；剩余物 remain vi.「作系动词」保持，仍然是 Human remains of ancient settlements will be reburied. 古代定居点的人类遗骸将被重新安葬。 She fed the remains of her lunch to the dog. 她把中午吃剩的喂狗了。

3) (be) contrary to 与……相反，相对 The results are contrary to my expectation.

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结果与我的预期恰好相反。

Contrary to popular belief, many cats dislike milk. 与普遍的看法相反，许多猫并不喜欢牛奶。

【语法点拨】本句中that alll archaeologically unearthed human remains should be reburied…作requirement 的同位语; 连词that 引导同位语从句没有词义，不作成分，不能省略，具体用法参见第102句。

134. Previous studies have linked high exposure (暴露）to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problem, but two analyses now show that poor air quality can lead to heart attack or stroke (中风）within as little as a few hours after exposure.

【句式翻译】先前的研究总是把环境污染与增加心脏病的风险联系在一起， 但是两项分析表明接触仅几个小时差的空气质量会导致心脏病或中风。

【句式分析】本句包含一个宾语从句，that poor air quality can lead to…作show 的宾语。 【词语点拨】1) link…to /with 把……连接、联系起来 A subway line will link the airport to the city centre. 地铁将把机场和市中心连接起来。

Yellow is linked with confidence, self-respect and friendliness. 黄色一般与自信、自尊和友好相联系。 2) risk n.危险，风险 vt.冒……的危险，冒险干 He saved my life at the risk of losing his own. 他冒着生命危险救了我的命。

If you live abroad for some time you will risk losing old friends in your homeland. 如果你在国外住一段时间，你可能会失去国内的老朋友。

【语法点拨】本句中that poor air quality can lead to…作show 的宾语；连词that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略,但是句中若有两个并列的that 从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that，具体用法参见第103句。

135. So sometimes kids laugh at me when I get out of breath after running just a short way or I have to stop half way up the stairs and rest before I can get up to the top.

【句式翻译】因此，有时当我小跑了很短的一段路就喘不过气时，或者爬楼梯才爬到一半就得停下、爬不到顶就得休息时，孩子们就会笑话我。

【句式分析】本句中when以前的句子为主句，when后的句子为时间状语从句。 在从句中又含有一个并列句I get …和I have to…and rest…。 【词语点拨】out of breath 上气不接下气，喘不过气 (=breathless) When Alice caught up with the other girls, she was out of breath.

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当艾丽斯赶上其他女孩时，她已喘不过气。

【语法点拨】before作“然后才”讲时，常和can连用，引导时间状语从句。如：You must have a rest before you can gather all your energy to sit for the test. 你必须休息然后才能积攒力量参加考试。

136. A Swedish Kennel Club official explains what this law means: if your dog runs out on the road and gets hit by a passing car, as the owner, you have to pay for any damage done to the car, even if your dog has been killed in the accident. 【句式翻译】一个瑞典Kennel俱乐部的官员解释了这项法律的含义：如果你的狗跑到公路上被汽车撞了，作为主人，即使你的狗被撞死了，你也要为被撞坏的汽车做出赔偿。 【句式分析】该句前半部分explain接what引导的宾语从句，冒号后面的部分对此进行具体解释，可视为means的宾语从句。其中，在主句you have to…前后各有一个由if引导的条件状语从句和由even if引导的让步状语从句。as the owner是插入语。 【词语点拨】1). pay for v.偿还；付款 You get what you pay for. 一分钱一分货。

Just to satisfy my curiosity, how much did you pay for your car? 我只是出于好奇，请问你买这辆车花了多少钱？ 2). damage n.损害；损失；毁坏 vt.损害；毁坏

The flood did a lot of damage to the crops. 洪水毁坏了大量农作物。 Be careful not to damage the priceless vase. 当心别把那个贵重的花瓶打碎了。

【语法点拨】让步状语从句是状语从句中的一种，一般翻译为“尽管……”或“即使……”，就是我们日常生活中用的“退一步说……”的感觉。引导词主要有：though，although，while，as，even if，even though，whether...or...，no matter+疑问词，疑问词-ever，regardless of+名词/名词短语/名词从句等。although，though不可与but连用，但可与yet连用。如： Although/Though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong. 他虽然年纪大了，身体还很健壮。

Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress. 尽管他学习很努力，但几乎没取得什么进步。 We’ll make a trip even if the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要作一次旅行。

No matter what (=Whatever) happened, he would not mind. 无论发生了什么事情，他都不会介意的。

137. I had already heard that George didn’t like being kept waiting, so even though I didn’t have the right clothes on, I grabbed my boots and raced after him.

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【句式翻译】我以前就听说过，乔治不喜欢等人，所以尽管我还没穿上捕鲸该穿的衣服，就一把抓起靴子跟在他后面跑起来。

【句式分析】这句话的主干是so连接的并列句，第一个分句中含有that引导的heard的宾语从句。而第二个分句是一个主从复合句，even though引导的句子为让步状语从句。 【词语点拨】1) grab v.抓住；攫取 n.抓取物；抓 He made a savage grab for the knife. 他恶狠狠地去抓刀子。

2) race n.赛跑；竞争 n.人种；种族；血统 v.赛跑；竞赛 Eight horses will race for the cup. 将有八匹马参赛争夺奖杯。

Every morning he spent two hours training for the race. 他每天早晨花两个小时练习赛跑。

【语法点拨】句中like 后用了keep sb dong 的被动式做宾语，即为动名词的被动式。动名词的被动式表示动名词的逻辑主语是动作的承受者。动名词的被动式分为一般式( being done) 和完成式(having been done )两种。如： He is used to being asked questions in class. (被提问) 他对提问已经习惯了。 He came to our party without being asked. 他没收到邀请就来参加宴会了。

138. He wanted to know what I thought, which confused me because I thought that the author of the article knew far more than I did.

【句式翻译】他想知道我想的是什么，这倒把我弄糊涂了，因为这篇文章的作者知道的比我多得多。

【句式分析】该复合句的主句是逗号以前的部分，其中含有一个what引导的宾语从句。逗号后是which引导的定语从句，而定语从句中又含有一个由because引导的原因状语从句，且该句because I thought…也是一个合复句，thought后面接that引导的宾语从句，其中far more than I did为knew的比较状语从句。 【词语点拨】confuse vt.使困惑；使混乱；混淆 They asked so many questions that they confused me. 他们问了许许多多问题，把我弄糊涂了。

【语法点拨】修饰比较级的副词有：1) 只用于修饰比较级的：much，still，even等。2) 既可以修饰比较级又可以修饰原级的：a little，a bit，rather，a lot, a great deal, far, by far, rather, any，even等。by far通常放在比较级后面。如： The weather tomorrow will be much worse than it is today.

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明天的天气会比今天的更糟糕。

139. However, in all cases, patients should receive the best possible treatment for as long as there is hope of recovery before such a decision is considered.

【句式翻译】然而，在所有情况下，在考虑做这样一个决定之前，病人都应该 受到尽可能好的治疗，只要有康复的希望就要坚持下去。

【句式分析】这句话的主干是for连接的并列句，第一分句是patients should receive…，第二分句是for后面接的句子，其含有一个as long as引导的条件状语从句，条件状语从句中又含有一个before引导的时间状语从句。 【词语点拨】1). in all cases就一切情况而论 In all cases the same fundamental principles apply. 但在任何情况下基本原理是相同的 2). recovery n.恢复；痊愈；复原；重获 We are surprised by the rapidity of her recovery. 她恢复得很快，我们有些惊讶。

【语法点拨】as long as是“只要”的意思，相当于so long as，引导条件状语从句。另外，as long as还用来引导比较状语从句，是“和……一样长”的意思，在否定句中可改为so long as，通常把计较的结果放在该词组之前。如：

So/ As long as there is life, there is hope. 只要有生命，就有希望。 This line is four times as long as that one. 这条线是那条线的四倍长。 He didn’t stay there for as long as I had expected. 他在那里停留的时间并不像我之前估计的那么久。

140. Originally, they didn’t have a sense of land ownership, although Aboriginal children were taught from an early age that they belonged to the land and must respect tribal boundaries. 【句式翻译】最初他们并没有土地所有权这一概念，虽然土著人的孩子很小就被教育说他们属于大地并且要尊重部落边界。

【句式分析】本句中逗号以前的句子为主句，逗号后是although引导的让步状语从句。从句又是一个主从复合句。that引导宾语从句，有两个谓语。 【词语点拨】1) originally adv.原本；起初；独创地 He originally need not buy such big house. 他本来不必买这样一所大房子。 2) belong vi.应归入；属于（~ to） China belongs to the third world. 中国属于第三世界。

【语法点拨】although较为正式，引导让步状语从句多放在句首，而though放句中或句首

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都可。它们可以和yet或still连用，但不能和but或however连用。如：Although my uncle is old, yet he looks very strong and healthy. 我的叔叔虽然老了，但他看上去还是很健壮。 He was not unhappy though he had to live alone. 虽然他不得不要一个人住，却没有不开心。

141. Body language is used to communicate both attitudes and feelings from affection to anger just like any other language, but it differs from spoken language as it is not always explicit. 【句式翻译】身体语言，就像其他任何语言一样，被用来交流喜怒等各种态度和感情，但是与口头语言不同的是，他不总是明确清楚的。

【句式分析】本句是一个由but连接的并列句，第二分句中含有一个由as引出的原因状语从句。

【词语点拨】1) affection n.影响；感情；喜爱；慈爱 Every mother has affection for her children. 每个母亲都爱她的孩子。 2) differ vi.不同；有区别（~ from） They differ widely in their opinions. 他们的意见分歧很大。

3) explicit adj.明确的；清晰的；清楚的；露骨的 They gave explicit reasons for leaving. 他们明确地说出了离开的原因。

【语法点拨】表原因的连词语气由强至弱依次为：because, since, as, 和for。其中前三个为从属连词，引导原因状语从句。for为并列连词。because“因为”，表直接原因，回答why的提问。since“因为，既然”，表示显然的或已知的理由。as“由于，鉴于”，语气的重点在主句，说明结果。for “因为，由于”：表明附加或推断的理由，引导的分句前常有逗号，分句不可放句首。如：

We stayed at home because it rained. 因为下雨我们呆在家里。 Since everyone is here, let’s start. 既然大家都到了，我们开始吧！ As it was late, I made haste to go. 由于晚了，我赶紧走了。

He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，因为他今天缺席了。

142. Body language can therefore make people’s feelings more transparent as although we can

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lie with words, it is not as easy to do so with our bodies.

【句式翻译】因此身体语言可以让人们的感觉更外露，因为尽管我们可以用语言来掩饰我们的感受，但是用身体就不那么容易。

【句式分析】本句是一个复合句，原因状语从句由as引导。从句又是一个复合句，含有一个由although引导的让步状语从句。。

【词语点拨】transparent adj.透明的；明显的；清晰的 The insect’s wings are almost transparent. 这昆虫的翅膀几乎是透明的。

【语法点拨】as在本句中出现在两个地方，第一个as是连词，表原因。而第二个as是副词，相当于so，表程度，“如此，那么地”，常用于as…as结构中。as ... as ...指“两个人或物在某方面一样”，既可以用在肯定句里，也可以用在否定句中，而so ... as ...只能用在否定句里。如：

As the wage of the job was low, there were few applicants for it. 因为工资低,没有什么人申请这份工作。 I haven't got as much money as I thought. 我带的钱没有我自己想象的那么多。

143. Trust yourself, write down your goals for the day, however small they are, and you’ll be a step closer to achieving them.

【句式翻译】相信自己，每天写下你的目标，不管他们有多小，你就离实现它们这一目标一步步地靠近了。

【句式分析】全句的主干是“祈使句+ and分句”，分句中多用sb will…。祈使句中有两个谓语动词和一个由however引导的让步状语从句。

【词语点拨】however adv.然而；无论如何；不管多么 conj.不管怎样 However rich people are, they always want more. 无论人们有多富裕，他们总还是想要更多。

【语法点拨】“祈使句+ and分句”，常用于口语中，表示建议、告诫、鼓励等意味。祈使句部分相当于if 引导的条件状语从句，而and分句相当于主句。如： Give him an inch and he will take a mile. 得寸进尺。

此句也可以改成：If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.

144. Put simply, the existence of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something, our brains imitate it，whether or not we actually perform the same action. 【句式翻译】简言之，镜像神经元的存在表明，不管我们是否真正执行相同的操作，每一次我们看到别人做点什么，我们的大脑就会模仿。

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【句式分析】该句的主干是主谓宾结构，the existence of mirror neurons是主语，suggests是谓语，that引导宾语从句。宾语从句又是一个复合句，它的主句是our brains imitate it，名词短语every time做连词，引导时间状语从句，whether （or not）引导让步状语从句。 【词语点拨】1) put simply adv. 简而言之（插入语） Put simply, we either accept their offer or go bankrupt. 简单地说吧，我们要么接受他们的条件，要么破产。 2) imitate vt.仿效；仿制；模仿

Teachers provide a model for children to imitate. 教师是孩子们仿效的典范。

【语法点拨】英语中除了像when，as soon as等连词外，还有两类词可充当连词的功能。它们是名词短语，如each time, next time，every time, the last time以及the moment, the minute, the instant等和副词，如immediately, directly, instantly等来引导时间状语从句。如： Every time he comes, he will bring me a small present. 他每次来，都要给我带个小礼物。

I came to see you the moment I arrived in Beijing. 我一到北京就来看你了。

145. A temperature increase of 1°F may not sound like a lot, but if we continue to produce carbon dioxide and other gases in such huge quantities, we are condemning life on Earth and should expect severe consequences.

【句式翻译】气温升高1华氏度听起来无所谓，但是如果我们继续制造如此多的的二氧化碳和其他气体， 我们将毁灭地球上的生命，后果将非常严重。

【句式分析】该句主干是一个but连接的并列句，第二个分句又是一个由if引导的主从复合句。

【词语点拨】1) quantity n.量；数量；大量 The factory turns out a large quantity of paper products. 这家工厂生产大量的纸制品。

2) condemn vt.（从道义上）谴责；判处（某人刑罚）；迫使接受困境 We must not condemn her on pure supposition. 我们千万不能单凭猜测就谴责她。

3) consequence n.结果；后果；重要性；影响

It terrified me to contemplate the consequence of your action. 一想到你行动的后果,我就感到害怕。

【语法点拨】词组a large/great quantity of或quantities of的意思是“大量的”，其后可跟不可数名词或复数名词。在句中作主语时，a quantity of接不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式，接可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。而 quantities of修饰不可数名词或可数名

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词复数时，谓语动词都用复数形式。如： He ate only a small quantity of rice at noon. 他中午只吃了少量的米饭。

A large quantity of newspapers are printed in this factory every day. 每天大量的报纸在这家工厂被印刷。

146. Surely we’re still better off than those who wear rags and sleep on the streets or in vacant buildings, but there is a growing resistance to this consuming society which is especially affecting the youth today with their computers, i-pads, designer clothes and mobile phones. 【句式翻译】当然，我们比那些穿着破衣烂衫、睡在大街上或者空置的大楼里的人的生活要好得多，但是现在的年轻人特别容易受到电脑、i-pad随身听、名牌服装和移动电话等的影响，所以越来越多的人开始抵制这种消费社会。

【句式分析】全句的主干是一个由but连接的并列句，第一个分句中含有than引导的比较状语从句，修饰better off。第二个分句的主句是There be…，其后是which引导的定语从句，修饰前面的society。

【词语点拨】1) well off adj.富有的；走运的（better off 是well off的比较级） Jack has just bought another new car; he must be very well off. 杰克刚又买了一辆新车，他一定很富裕。 2) vacant adj.空虚的；空的；木然的

There are some vacant offices on the third floor. 四楼有几间空闲的办公室。

【语法点拨】there be句式的主谓一致问题: 若只有一个主语，谓语的数则取决于该主语的数；若有几个主语并列，则通常是与靠近的主语保持一致。如： There is a man at the door. 门口有个人。

There are some girls in the room. 房间里有几个女孩。

There is a pen and some books on the desk. 桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。

147. It is now a children’s festival, when they can dress up and go to their neighbors’ homes to ask for sweets，but if the neighbors do not give any sweets, the children might play a trick on them.

【句式翻译】万圣节如今成了孩子们的节日，这天他们可以乔装打扮上邻居家要糖吃，但是如果邻居什么糖也不给，那么孩子们就可以捉弄他们了。

【句式分析】全句是一个由but连接的并列句。前一个分句是一个主从句，主句的表语a children’s festival有自己的定语从句，由when引导。后一个分句也是一个复合句，if引导

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的条件状语从句在前，主句在后。

【词语点拨】1) dress up v.穿上盛装；打扮得漂亮；伪装 Her maid helped her to dress up for the party. 她的女仆帮助她穿上参加晚会的礼服。

2) play a trick on sb v.捉弄某人; 开某人玩笑; 欺骗某人 I've paid her back for the trick she played on me. 她捉弄了我，我已回敬她了。

【语法点拨】情态动词表推测时，按语气由弱到强分别为：might，may，could，can，should，must。其中might意思是“可能”，语气最弱，接近于could。而must意思是“肯定”，语气最强。如：

She might go shopping． 她可能买东西去了。 She should be in the park． 她按说应该在公园里。 She must go to the cinema． 他一定是看电影去了。

148. While these activities might seem childish and cause laughter rather than respect, in reality they require an enormous amount of strength and fitness as well as determination. 【句式翻译】虽然这些活动看起来孩子气且令人发笑而不是让人肃然起敬，但 实际上，完成这些活动需要强大的力量，健康的体格和坚定的决心。 【句式分析】全句的主干是主从复合句，while引导的让步状语从句。 【词语点拨】amount n.数量；总额

He’s a large amount of mail to answer every day. 他每天有大量信件要回复。

The total cost of repairs amounted to 100 dollars. 修理费用总计一百美元。

【语法点拨】while作连词时，有三种意义高考经常涉及：1）作从属连词，引导时间状语从句，意为\"当……的时候\"；2）作从属连词, 引导让步状语从句，表转折，意为\"虽然；尽管\"；3）作并列连词，表示对比，意为\"然而\"。如： While I really don’t like art, I find his work impressive. 尽管我不是太喜欢艺术，我却发现他的作品很有感染力。

149. The voyages of travellers before the 17th century show that they were not at the mercy of the sea even though they did not have modern navigational aids.

【句式翻译】17世纪以前的航海记录显示，即使没有现代航海技术的帮助，他们也没有任

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凭海洋摆布。

【句式分析】该句为复合句，其主句的谓语动词show后面接一个that引导的宾语从句。而定语从句也是一个复合句，含有even though引导的让步状语从句。 【词语点拨】1) voyage n.航行；旅程 v.航行；旅行 This is the virgin voyage of the ship. 这是这艘船的处女航。

They planned to voyage across the Pacific Ocean. 他们计划做穿越太平洋的旅行。

2) at the mercy of 在…支配下；任由……摆布 The boat was at the mercy of the rapid river. 那条船任由湍急的河流摆布。

【语法点拨】even though和even if引导让步状语从句时的区别：

① even if 引导的从句是往往是假设性的，相当于汉语的“即使”；就算；哪怕”，所以可用于虚拟语气。

Even if you saw him pick up the money, you can’t be sure he stole it. 就算你看见是他拾起的钱，你也不能肯定钱就是他偷的。 I would have married her even if she had been penniless. 即使她身无分文，我也会和她结婚。

②而even though 引导的从句内容往往是真实的，相当于汉语的 “尽管；虽然”。 He went out even though it was raining. 尽管在下雨，他还是出去了。 Even though I didn’t know anybody at the party, I had a nice time. 尽管这次聚会上我谁也不认识，我也玩得挺痛快。

③不过，在实际语言运用中，even if与even though有时也可不加区别地混用。 Even if / Even though she laughs at him, he likes her. 尽管她嘲笑他，他还是很喜欢她。

150. A few varieties, however, can kill humans, so it is just as well that snakes are very shy and usually attack only if they are disturbed and feel threatened.

【句式翻译】不过，还是有少数几种蛇能致人于死地。好在蛇都胆小怕事，通常只在被打搅和感到有威胁时才会出击。

【句式分析】该句的主干是一个由so连接的并列句。第二个分句是由it做形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。that从句中的谓语动词attack又带有自己的条件状语从句，由if引导。

【词语点拨】just as well adj.幸好；无妨 It is just as well that you took another road.

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幸好你们走了另一条路。

【语法点拨】在英语当中常用it作形式主语，而把真正做主语的从句、不定式、动名词短语等放在后面以达到平衡句子结构的目的。如： It happened that I had no money on me. 碰巧我身上没带钱。

It is foolish of you to give up such a good chance. 你放弃这样一个好机会真蠢。 It is no good/ no use telling him that. 告诉他那件事一点作用都没有。

151. This crocodile moves very quickly when it sees something it considers to be food, and from time to time a crocodile has snatched someone before he or she is even aware that the crocodile is there.

【句式翻译】当这种鳄鱼看到某个东西并认为是食物的时候，它就会迅速行动，就这样时常捕获那些还未来得及察觉到鳄鱼的人。

【句式分析】整个句子的主干是and连接的两个并列分句。第一分句中含有when 引导的时间状语从句，而状语从句也是复合句，包含一个省略了引导词that的 定语从句，来修饰something。而第二分句中含有before引导的时间状语从句， 在时间状语从句中形容词aware后接that引导的宾语从句。 【词语点拨】1) from time to time adv.有时；不时 The temper gets the best of him from time to time. 他有时控制不住脾气。

2) snatch n.抢夺 v.夺取；抓住；抓取（粗暴、突然、不礼貌，强调动作） The thief made a snatch at the woman's purse. 小偷试图抢夺那女的钱包。 He snatched up his gun and fired. 他突然拿起枪来射击。

【语法点拨】英语中宾语从句一般是在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语，如果主句的谓语动词是及物动词make，find，see，hear等，则把宾语从句置于宾语补足语之后，用it作形式宾语。但是，某些作表语的形容词，如sure，happy，glad，aware，certain等之后也可以带宾语从句。如：

You know that I have been busy decorating my new house these days. 你知道我最近这些日子一直忙着新房的装修。 I find it my duty that I should offer you my help. 我觉得帮助你是我的职责。

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I am sure that he will come to help us. 我敢肯定他一定会来帮我们的。

152. Organizations and individuals advertise because they want to persuade people to behave in certain ways, for example to buy a certain brand of rice, stop speeding or see a movie at their cinema.

【句式翻译】组织和个人都作广告，因为他们都想说服别人按某种方式来行事， 例如要你买某个牌子的大米，或者要你停止高速驾车或在他们的电影院里看一 场电影。

【句式分析】该句主干是主句和because引导的原因状语从句。而句中for example后有三个不定式短语来解释to behave in certain ways，即to buy…, to stop…, to see…，但后两个中的不定式符号to在and或or连接的情况省略了。 【词语点拨】certain adj.肯定的；某个；特定的 It's certain that every effect must have a cause. 无疑，每个结果必定有其原因。

To a certain extent, I'm in favor of your project. 在一定程度上，我赞成你的方案。

【语法点拨】并列不定式省略to的情况：由并列连词and，except, but, than, or 连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，第二个动词不定式不带to。如： He told me to stay there and wait for him. 他叫我在那儿等他。

注意：如果两个不定式表示对照或对比，则不能省略to。如： To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试而失败总比根本不尝试好。

153. When it comes to advertising, consumers need to be educated about techniques used by advertisers so they can judge the claims for themselves and not blindly accept everything that is said in advertisements.

【句式翻译】当说到广告时，消费者需要了解广告商所使用的伎俩，这样他们才能对各种广告主张做出自己的判断，而不致于盲目地接受广告中所说的一切。

【句式分析】该句的主干是when引导的时间状语从句（也可以看成是插入语） 和主句。而主句又是一个复合句，含有so引导的目的状语从句，其谓语部分有 两个：can judge和（can）not accept。而accept的宾语everything又带有自己的 定语从句。

【词语点拨】claim n. / vt.要求；主张；断言；声称要求 Did you claim on the insurance after your car accident?

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出了车祸后，你向保险公司要求赔偿了吗？

The government would not even consider his claim for money. 政府甚至不会考虑他的赔款要求。

【语法点拨】当先行词具备下列特征时，定语从句要用that不用which引导：①不定代词all，little，the one，something，none等; ②被no，any，every，some，all，much，little等修饰; ③是形容词的最高级或序数词或被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰; ④既指人又指物。如：

Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? 你还有什么要替自己辩解的吗？ This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看到过的最好的电影。

We all became very excited when we talked about the things and persons that we could still remember about our college life.

当我们说到还能记得的大学生活当中的那些人和事儿时，我们都变得激动起来。 154. They don’t see men succeeding in society so it doesn’t occur to them that they could make something of themselves.

【句式翻译】他们没有看到有人在社会上成功，因此他们想不到他们自己可以 干出些成就。

【句式分析】该句是由so连接的一个并列句。第二分句中it为形式主语，代替 后面的真正主语从句that…以起到平衡句子结构的作用。 【词语点拨】succeed v.成功（~ in + n./v -ing）；继承；接着发生 If you work hard you will succeed. 如果你努力工作，你就会成功。 We succeeded in repairing the engine. 我们成功地修好了发动机。

The war ended and a long peace succeeded. 战争结束之后紧接着是长期的和平。

【语法点拨】在表示“某人突然想到……”时，英文中常用含有it的句式：It occurs to sb. that… = It strikes/ hits sb. that…，其中的that引导主语从句。如： It (suddenly) occurred to me that I had met him somewhere. 我突然想起在什么地方见过他。

155. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us.

【句式翻译】我们轻易地被减肥产品的承诺和潜在可能性所吸引，以致于我们不去想减肥

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产品会对我们有什么作用。

【句式分析】该句是一个由so…that连接的主从复合句。 【词语点拨】diet n.食物；规定饮食 v.节食；照规定饮食 The doctor says I’ve got to go on a diet. 医生说我得节食。

You ought to diet and take more exercise. 你应该节食并多做运动。

【语法点拨】so…that作“如此……以至于”解，连接一个结果状语从句。so后面一般接形容词或副词，但如果一个名词的前面有many、much、few、little等表示“多、少”的单个形容词来修饰该名词，也要用so。如：

He runs so fast that nobody can catch up with him. 他跑得如此之快以至于没人能追上他。

He had so little education that he was unfit for this job. 他所受教育很少，不适合做这个工作。

156. It’s not something easily accomplished by parents these days, because life is more difficult to understand or deal with, but sharing interests does make it more fun to be a parent now. 【句式翻译】这不是现在由父母能容易完成的事情，因为生活更难理解或处理， 但是分享兴趣确实使为人父母更有意思了。

【句式分析】句子的主干是一个but连接的并列句。而第一分句是复合句，由主句+ because引导的原因状语从句构成。

【词语点拨】1) accomplish vt.完成；实现

I have accomplished a great deal in the last few months. 在过去几个月里，我完成了相当多的工作。

2) fun n.乐趣；玩笑 adj.有趣的 fun是不可数名词,没有复数形式,也不可加不定冠词,其后可接(in) v-ing。

I'm learning to cook, just for the fun of it. 我正在学做饭，做著玩儿而已。 Swimming in the sea is great fun. 在海里游泳很好玩。

We had great fun in chatting with each other. 我们彼此聊得很开心。

【语法点拨】强调句型“It is/was +被强调成分+that +句子剩余成分”可以用来对句子的主语、宾语、状语等进行强调来加强语气和表达效果，但是不能对谓语动词进行强调，这时要用do, does 和did+动词原形, 常译为“确实,一定，务必”。对谓语动词的强调有两个条件：

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首先，句子的时态为一般现在或者一般过去时。 其次，只有肯定句才能使用这种强调词。如： Do remember to write to me. 一定记得给我写信啊。 He does like rafting. 他的确喜欢漂流。

I did call you last night, believe it or not.

我昨天晚上确实给你打电话了， 信不信由你。

157. When it comes to talking to the boss on the phone, cooking dinner and keeping an eye on the baby all at the same time, it’s women who come out on top every time.

【句式翻译】当话题谈到既要和老板通电话，同时还要做饭、看孩子时，每次都是女性身先士卒。

【句式分析】逗号以前是when引导的时间状语从句，逗号后面是一个对主语进行强调的强调句式。

【词语点拨】1) keep an eye on v.留意；照看

We want guests to keep an eye on their behavior all the time. 我们希望客人们时刻留意自己的举止。

2) come out vi.出现；出版；结果是 come out on top 成功 (战胜困难；居首) That magazine comes out once a month. 那个杂志每月出一期

Please tell me how the voting came out. 请告诉我选举结果如何。

【语法点拨】强调句型由“It is/was +被强调部分+that+其他成分”构成。用来强调话语中的某个成分，被强调的成分可以是主语，宾语，状语，但不可以是谓语或定语。去掉It is/was…that…之后，剩余的部分必须是一个完整的句子结构。强调人时可用who/whom，强调其他任何部分用that。如： It is I that/who am right. 正确的人是我。

It was a foreigner that/whom we met at the school gate. 我们在校门口遇见的是一位老外。

It was in the supermarket that Tom lost his wallet. #汤姆是在超市里丢的钱包。

It was because her mother was ill that she didn’t go to work. 她没去上班是因为妈妈病了。

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158. As celebrities become more and more experienced at the market, they expand their production scale rapidly, covering almost all the products of daily life.

【句式翻译】随着名人在市场变得越来越有经验，他们迅速扩大他们的产品规模，几乎包含了日常生活中的所有产品。

【句式分析】该句是一个复合句。时间状语从句由as引导放在句首，主句后有一个现在分词短语作expand的结果状语。

【词语点拨】1) expand v.使 …… 膨胀；详述；扩张；增加 Metals expand when they are heated. 金属遇热则膨胀。

Would you expand upon the matter a little further? 请你详谈一下这件事好吗?

2) scale n.刻度；等级，规模；天枰；鳞状物 v.按比例决定；称重；剥落 How much does it read on the scale? 刻度显示的是多少?

The company has begun to scale down its operations in Asia. 这家公司已开始减少在亚洲的业务。

【语法点拨】现在分词与动词不定式一样，都可以放在句子后面作结果状语，并且常有逗号与前面分开，但表达的意思不同。现在分词短语表示的都是谓语动词的直接结果，是意料中的结果。不定式做结果状语通常表示的是一个未曾料到的不愉快的结果。有时为了强调，可以在不定式短语前加only。如：

He cut off the electricity quickly, preventing an accident.

他迅速切断了电源，防止了一起意外事故。(直接结果，意料中的结果)

He watered the flowers in the garden more often, only to make things worse.他更为经常地给花园里的花浇水，结果反而更糟。(未曾预料到的结果)

159. As we all know, however good an advertisement is, people are unlikely to be persuaded if the product is unsuitable for them.

【句式翻译】我们都知道，无论广告制作得多好，如果产品不合适，也不可能使人信服。 【句式分析】该句的结构为主从复合句，位于句首的是由as引导的非限制性定语从句，它的主句也是一个较为复杂的复合句，该复合句的主句是people are unlikely…，从句有两个：①由however引导的让步状语从句，相当于no matter how…，②if引导的条件状语从句。 【词语点拨】likely adj.可能的 adv.很可能 You'll most likely see the animals at twilight. 黄昏时你很可能会看到这些动物。

反义词：unlikely adj.不太可能的 adv.不太可能

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The superpowers are unlikely to disarm completely. 超级大国不可能彻底裁军。

【语法点拨】no matter + 疑问词（what，who，which，when）与疑问词+ -ever（whatever，whoever，whichever，whenever）都可以引导让步状语从句，可以互换。但当引导名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句）时，只能用疑问词+ -ever（what，who，which，when等）。如：

However (= No matter how) pure the water looks, I do not want to drink it. 无论这水看上去多么纯净，我都不想喝它。

下面句子不能用no matter结构（no matter不能引导名词性从句）： Whoever comes back first is supposed to win the prize.（主语从句） 谁第一个返回，谁就该赢这个奖。

160. Although today we are more accustomed to typing a few key words into a search engine and waiting for the Internet to spit the answer out for us, modern scientists and thinkers are still solving the world’s problems with this type of analysis---luckily for us.

【句式翻译】虽然今天我们更习惯于在一个搜索引擎里打出几个关键词，然后等待互联网为我们吐出答案，但是现代的科学家和思想家们仍然在用这种分析方法来解决世界的问题---这对我们来说很幸运。

【句式分析】该句是由although引导的让步状语从句和后面的主句组成的复合句。从句中谓语动词are more accustomed to接两个v-ing形式由and连接起来。 【词语点拨】1) accustomed to习惯于（做）某事（~ to +名词/动名词） You will soon get accustomed to the climate here. 你会很快习惯这里的气候的。

2) analysis n.分析；解析 analyze v.分析；解析

We agreed with his acute analysis of the political situation. 我们都同意他对政治形势的深刻分析。

【语法点拨】在英语中有很多易混点，比如说“to”，它有时是介词，有时是不定式符号，故需要牢牢记住跟它有关的固定短语。在以下的词组中to都是介词，后面要接名词活动名词作宾语，千万不能接动词原形：be / get / become used to习惯于，devote oneself to献身于；专心于，get down to着手做，look forward to盼望，make contributions to对…作贡献，apply oneself to致力于，come close to几乎，when it comes to…谈到……时，on one’s way to 在去某处的路上；在达成某事的过程中，put one’s mind to全神贯注于，be addicted to 沉溺于；对……上瘾等等。如：

He has devoted his life to helping disabled people. 他一生献身于帮助残疾人。

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It’s time I got down to some serious work. 我该认真干点正事了。

We are so much looking forward to seeing you again. 我们非常盼望再见到你。 She is quite used to working hard. 她很习惯做艰苦的工作。

161. We need to thank the great men of the past for the wisdom to know that we don’t know it all and probably never will, for that would mean a world without questions. 【句式翻译】我们要感谢历史上伟人的才智，它让我们懂得我们不是什么都懂， 将来也不会什么都懂，因为如果我们什么都懂，那将意味着一个毫无疑问的世 界。

【句式分析】该句是for连接的并列句。第一个分句的主干是We need to thank… for …，to know that…做the wisdom的定语。而第二个分句中的that代上文的we don’t know it all and probably never will，谓语部分是虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的假设。 【词语点拨】1) wisdom n.智慧；明智；聪明；至理名言 She had acquired much wisdom during her long life. 她一生积累了很大的智慧。 2) probably adv.大概；或许；很可能

That hotel probably costs no less than 20 dollars a night. 那间旅馆的住宿费一晚大约要20元。

【语法点拨】表示因果关系的并列连词主要有so，for，then，therefore等。并列连词for引导的分句只能放在句尾，前面用逗号隔开，表示补充说明的微弱理由，只是为前面的内容提供判断的理由。这与because不同，because引导的是一种明确的因果关系，解释原因，常可回答why的提问。如：

The air here is polluted, so the crops are dying. 这里的空气受到了污染，所以庄稼快死了。

The leaves of the trees are falling, for it's already autumn. 树叶在落下，因为秋天已经到来了。

162. Fierce competition has convinced them that delighting passengers is an important marketing tool, while there is great potential for customer anger over delays caused by weather, unclaimed luggage and technical problems.

【句式翻译】尽管顾客可能会因天气、无人认领的行李和技术问题造成的延误 而生气，但是激烈的竞争已经让他们深信让顾客高兴是一个重要的营销手段。

【句式分析】该句是由while连接的并列句。第一个分句中that引导convinced的宾语从句；

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第二个分句是个there be句型，主语是potential。

【词语点拨】unclaimed adj.无人认领的；无人要求的；所有主不明的 Unclaimed baggage will be sold by auction after six months. 无人领取的行李将在6个月后予以拍卖。

【语法点拨】表示转折关系的并列连词有but, yet, still, while等。如： The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm. 北京的冬天很冷，然而昆明的冬天却很温暖。 I explained twice, still he couldn't understand. 我解释了两遍，然而他却还不懂。

163. Some scientists think it came after an unexpected incident when a huge rock from space hit the earth and put too much dust into the air.

【句式翻译】有些科学家认为恐龙灭绝是发生在一件意外事故之后，当时宇宙间一块巨石击中地球因而在空气中扬起太多的尘土。

【句式分析】该句是一个主从复合句，主句的谓语动词是think，其宾语从句引导词that被省去。实际上该宾语从句也是一个复合句，when引导定语从句修饰an unexpected incident。

【词语点拨】incident n.事变；事件；插曲 She couldn't erase the incident from her memory. 她难以忘记那次事件。

【语法点拨】关系副词when的用法：主要用于修饰表示时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语，先行词可能是time，day，year等明显表示时间的名词，也可以是一些表示较为隐性的时间名词，如occasion，incident，class等。如：There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作抉择的时候到了。

Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。

There were several occasions when I had the same feeling as you. 曾经有几次我跟你一样也有这样的感受。

164. When you arrive you are rewarded not only by the sight of the crystal clear waters of the Lake of Heaven, but also by the view of the other sixteen mountain peaks that surround Tianchi. 【句式翻译】你一到达山顶就会得到回报---你不仅可以看到天池那清澈如镜的湖水, 而且还可以看到天池周围的16座山峰。

【句式分析】整句的主句是一个含有被动语态You are rewarded的句子，其中not only…but also…连接两个by…短语。句首的when引导的是主句时间状语从句，而句尾的由that引

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导的定语从句修饰mountain peaks。

【词语点拨】reward n.报答；赏金；报酬 vt.奖赏；给 ... 报酬；具体用法参见第84句。 【语法点拨】并列连词not only…but also…的用法：用于连接两个表示并列关系的成分，着重强调后者，其意为“不仅……而且……”；其中的also有时可以省略。若连接两个成分作主语，其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致。若连接两个句子，not only后面的句子要用倒装，但but also不用倒装。如：

She not only plays well, but also writes music. 她不仅很会演奏，而且还会作曲。 Not only you but also he has to leave. 不只是你，他也得离开。

Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 他不仅说得更正确，而且讲得更不费劲了。

165. If you are lucky enough to visit the Lake of Heaven with your loved one, don’t forget to drop a coin into the clear, blue water to guarantee your love will be as deep and lasting as the lake itself.

【句式翻译】如果你有幸同你所爱的人去游天池, 别忘了投一枚硬币到清澈碧 蓝的水中, 以确保你们的爱情像湖水一样深厚持久。

【句式分析】该句是由if引导的条件状语从句和作主句的祈使句连接在一起。if从句中的不定式作enough的结果状语；主句句尾的to guarantee…是drop的目的状语，其中还含有一个as…as…的结构。

【词语点拨】1) guarantee n.保证(书)；担保(人)；抵押品 vt.保证；担保 I guarantee that this will not happen again. 我保证此类事情不会再发生 2) lasting adj.永恒的；永久的

This agreement will pave the way for a lasting peace. 该协议将为持久和平铺路。

【语法点拨】动词不定式在句子中可作原因状语、结果状语和目的状语。作原因状语往往用于形容词后，这些形容词有happy, ashamed, sorry, glad，delighted, angry, discouraged, shocked等；作目的状语置于句首时，通常用逗号与句子隔开；如果置于句末，前面则不用句号。作结果状语通常用于so+形容词或副词+ so to，such+名词+ as to，too ... to，enough to ..等结构。也可与only或just连用，表示出乎意料的结果。如： He got nearer to see clearly. 为了看清楚，他靠得更近了些。

To improve their service, the workers of the hotel are active in learning English.

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为了改进服务，这个宾馆的工作人员积极学习英语。 The boy is not tall enough to reach the bookshelf. 这个男孩不够高，够不到书架。

They were proud to have found the cave paintings. 找到洞穴壁画他们很骄傲。

166. One day as he was experimenting with one end of a straw joined to a deaf man’s ear drum and the other to a piece of smoked glass, Bell noticed that when he spoke into the ear, the straw drew sound waves on the glass.

【句式翻译】有一天做实验时, 贝尔把一根干草的一端和一个聋子的耳鼓膜连接起来, 把干草的另一端和一块被烟熏过的玻璃连接起来，这时他发现当他对着耳朵说话时, 这根干草就把声波画在被烟熏过的玻璃上。

【句式分析】该句的主句是Bell noticed that…，从句是as引导的时间状语从句。主句中that引导的宾语从句又是一个复合句，由when引导的时间状语从句和后面的主句共同构成。而在句首的as引导的时间状语从句中，还含有两个“with + 宾语+宾补（过去分词）”的结构，且第二个结构中the other前面省略了with，后面省略了joined。 【词语点拨】1) experiment with 用... ...作试验；试用 Small businesses are anxious to experiment with computers. 小型企业都急于试用计算机。 2) join to 和...接触；与...相连 Our house is joined to Mr. Su's. 我们的房子和苏先生的房子相连。

【语法点拨】with复合结构是由“with + 宾语+宾补”构成，宾语由名词或代词充当，宾补由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词或过去分词充当。在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件。With结构在句中也可以作定语。without也可以用于该结构。如：

She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold. 她走进房间，因为寒冷鼻子通红。 She fell asleep with the light burning. 她睡着了，灯还亮着。

Without anything left in the cupboard，she went out to get something to eat. 橱柜里什么也没剩，所以她出去找吃的了。

167. She had almost reached her destination when a delicious smell arrested her progress and she stopped.

【句式翻译】快到目的地的时候，一阵香气扑鼻，她不往前走了，停了下来。

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【句式分析】该句是一个由when连接的并列句。

【词语点拨】arrest vt.逮捕；阻止；吸引（注意力）n.拘留；阻止 The police arrested the thief. 警察逮捕了小偷。

The great noise arrested his attention from the book. 挺大的动静把他的注意力从书本上给吸引走了。

【语法点拨】when作并列连词, 表示“就在此刻(and just then)” , “突然(and suddenly)”，起修辞的作用，表示后一动作的发生的出乎意料，而前面一句是为后一句谓语动词的发生提供背景。注意以下几个句子中when前后两个分句中的时态特征及汉语意思。如： She was about to say something when she noticed the sullen look on his face． 她刚要说些什么，却突然看到了他阴沉的脸色。

The children were playing football on the playground, when it began to rain． 孩子们正在操场上踢足球，突然下起了大雨。

I had hardly gone to bed after a very hard day when the phone rang． 在劳累了一天之后, 我刚要上床睡觉，这时电话响了。

168. Only through the united efforts of people with hope, can we be fully safe against the misuse of science and can science best serve mankind in the future.

【句式翻译】只有通过充满希望的人们团结努力，我们才能安全地与错误地使用科学的现象作斗争，才能让科学在将来最好地服务于人类。

【句式分析】该句为并列句，由and连接起来，而句首的only…做方式状语。 【词语点拨】effort n.努力；努力的成果

They are making every effort to decrease the production cost. 他们正尽力减少生产成本。

【语法点拨】副词only置于句首，强调方式、条件、地点、时间等状语时，主句要进行部分倒装。如果被only所强调的状语为从句，该从句不倒装，只对主句进行倒装。如果放于句首的only所修饰的不是状语时，该句不用倒装。如： Only in a big city was it possible to buy a new wheelchair. 只有在大城市里才能买到新轮椅。

Only when we had studied the data again did we realize that there was a mistake. 只有当我们再次研究了这些数据的时候， 我们才意识到出了一个错。 Only John can save me.

只有约翰能够救我。（强调的是主语，不到装）

169. Had my neighbor told me of the upcoming rainstorm with sympathy, I would have appreciated his warning.

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【句式翻译】要是当时我的邻居以同情的语气告知我暴雨要来临的话，我会很 感激他的提醒的。

【句式分析】该句是一个主从复合句，但从句是一个含蓄虚拟条件句，引导词if被省去而将had提至句首。

【词语点拨】1) sympathy n.同情；同情心；同感 I felt much sympathy for the blind. 我对盲人深感同情。 2) appreciate vt.欣赏；赏识；感激；领会

I would appreciate it if you could reply soon. 如若你能及时回信我将不胜感激。

【语法点拨】当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，将were, should, had置于句首，多用于书面语。如：Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。 Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。

Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。

170. No sooner had they moved in than the noise began and rarely did they get a full night’s sleep.

【句式翻译】他们刚一搬进去噪音就开始了，因此他们几乎没睡过个囫囵觉。 【句式分析】该句是由and连接的两个并列分句，都采用了部分倒装的语序。 【词语点拨】rarely adv.很少；难得

She rarely went anywhere except to her office. 她除了办公室很少去别的地方。

【语法点拨】英语中否定词放句首要采用部分倒装的语序。常见否定词有：rarely，hardly，never，neither，nor，seldom等副词，以及表示否定意义的词组at no time，in no case，under no circumstances等，意思是“很少地”“及几乎从不”。 如：Rarely did he fail to keep his promise.

他真的很少失信于人。

Hardly had I got to the office when the boss called me to see him upstairs. 我刚到办公室，老板就喊我到楼上去见他。

171. Not only did Fortune introduce over 120 species of plants to Western gardens but he also shipped 20,000 tea plants from Shanghai to India, where a successful tea industry was established.

【句式翻译】福琼不仅把120种植物引入西方园林，而且还把两万株茶树用船

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从上海运到了印度，印度的制茶工业就成功地发展起来了。

【句式分析】该句的主干是not only…but also… 连接的并列句，第一个分句中含有倒装语序，第二个分句是一个复合句，主句在前，where引导的定语从句在后，其先行词是where。 【词语点拨】species n.（单复同形）物种；种类 There are more than 1,000 alien species in China. 中国的外来物种有1000多种。

【语法点拨】并列连词not only…but also…若连接两个句子，not only所在的句子要用倒装。具体用法参见第164句。

172. Gone are the days when one could just walk with ease into a shop and buy one thing. 【句式翻译】那种无它可选、轻松购物的日子一去不复返了。

【句式分析】此句是复合句，其主句是倒装句，为主系表结构。表语the days由when引导的定语从句来修饰。

【词语点拨】with ease 容易地；不费力地 They might have solved the problem with ease. 他们本来可以容易地解决这个问题。

【语法点拨】有时英语中由于句子结构的需要或表示强调，要将谓语动词完全移到主语前，进行完全倒装。常见句式有“there be+主语”、“副词here，there，now，then，up，down，out，in，away +谓语动词+主语”、“表语+连系动词+主语”（表语常为形容词、过去分词或介词短语）等。如：

There are 20 women waiting outside the hospital. 有20个女的等在医院外面。 Out rushed the boy, gun in hand. 这个孩子冲了出来，手里拿着枪。

Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people. 它们可以对中国人为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。

173. Not only will a lodger earn you an income, but also, thanks to the government- backed “rent a room” program, you won’t have to pay any tax on the first￡4500 you make per year. 【句式翻译】不但房客会让你赚到钱，而且由于政府支持的租房项目，每年你首次挣的￡4500均不需要缴税。

【句式分析】该句主干是一个由not only…but also…连接的并列句。第二个分句是一个复合句，其中介词短语thanks to…做原因状语，the first￡4500又有自己的定语从句。 【词语点拨】1) earn vt.赚得；赢得；获得 He works hard, but he does not earn much money. 他工作努力，但赚钱不多。

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2) back vt.支持；后退

I'll back you up no matter what's happening. 不论发生什么事,我都会支持你。

【语法点拨】并列连词not only…but also…若连接两个句子，not only所在的句子要用倒装。具体用法参见第164句。

174. Not only have the public been able to learn about the LoB (Library of Birmingham), but the virtual one has also enabled those working on the LoB to understand the building and how it will work before it even opens.

【句式翻译】公众不但能够了解伯明翰图书馆，而且虚拟的图书馆使得在图书馆工作人员在它开放前就了解它和它的工作原理。

【句式分析】该句主干是一个由not only…but also…连接的并列句。第二个分句是一个复合句，how引导的从句和the building共同充当understand的宾语。另外，understand还有一个before引导的时间状语从句。

【词语点拨】1) virtual adj.实质的；【计】虚拟的 A virtual state of war exists between the two countries. 这两国间实际上处于战争状态。 2) enable vt.使能够；使可能

Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed. 听音乐能使我们放松。

【语法点拨】并列连词not only…but also…若连接两个句子，not only所在的句子要用倒装。具体用法参见第164句。

175. The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account those people most at risk for skin cancer — people with fair skin and freckles, for example — are more likely to use sunscreen.

【句式翻译】研究员们说，早期研究带来的问题之一是他们没有考虑到那些最有可能患皮肤癌的人—比如皮肤白皙和有雀斑的人—更有可能使用防晒剂。

【句式分析】句子的主体结构为复合句。主句The research said that…中that引导宾语从句，宾语从句中又含有一个倒装结构的复合句，that they often fail ...是主语从句，表语为among the problems with ...。在第二个that引导的从句中又含有一个复合句，谓语take into account的后面接的是一个省略了引导词that的宾语从句，其主干是those people…are more likely to…，破折号间为插入语。

【词语点拨】1) take into account vt.考虑；注意；顾及；体谅

There are a number of practical considerations that must be taken into account. 有许多现实的情况必须要顾及到。

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2) at risk for 面临……的风险；具体用法参见第122句。

【语法点拨】宾语从句的引导词that一般可以被省略，但在下列几种情况下，一般不省：介词后、有两个及以上从句时、谓语与that之间有插入语、或有其他从属连词时。如： Peter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless. 彼得是好学生，只是有时粗心。

My uncle says (that) he has served here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month. 我叔叔说他在这儿工作已二十年了，下个月即将退休。 He said that, if he could manage it, he would come for dinner. 他说，如果他安排得好的话，他会来吃晚饭的。

He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night. 他告诉我，如果需要的话，他们就干个通宵。

176. It was not until November 13, 1956 that the US Supreme Court declared separation on buses was not constitutional.

【句式翻译】直到1956年11月13号，美国最高法院才判定公交车上的种族 隔离不合宪法。

【句式分析】这是一个含有强调句式的复合句。被强调的是主句的谓语动词declared的时间状语，被放在了It was…that之间。that后面接的是句子的主干部分和省略了引导词that的从句，作declared的宾语。

【词语点拨】declare v.宣布（声明）；申报；声明 Britain declared war on Germany in 1914. 英国在1914年向德国宣战。

【语法点拨】that引导动词的宾语从句时一般可省。具体用法参见第175句。

177. We all want to honor our own name, and it is only by stamping our expression of an opinion with our own name that we honor what we say.

【句式翻译】我们都想为自己的名字争光，而要赋予我们的言论以尊严, 唯一 的途径就是用名字为我们发表的意见加盖印章。

【句式分析】该句是由and连接的并列句。第二分句是强调句型，被强调的是方式状语，位于it is…that…之间；在that后面的其余成分中，含有一个复合句，主句we honor带有宾语从句what we say。

【词语点拨】1) honor n.荣誉；荣幸；尊敬 vt.尊敬；使荣幸；兑现 I consider it a great honor to be invited to dinner. 我认为能被邀请参加晚宴是很大的荣幸。 Would you honor me by dining with me tonight? 今晚你能赏光与我共进晚餐吗？

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2) stamp with v.把……印在…上;给……做标记

You can stamp your life with hard work. 你可以用勤奋注释你的人生。

【语法点拨】强调句型的结构是“It is (was) +强调部分+that (who) +句子的其余部分”，其中it无意义，只起引出被强调部分的作用。被强调的部分指人时，除可用that外，还可换用who（强调宾语指人时也可用whom）。使用强调句型时，应注意以下事项：

①去掉强调结构It is (was) … that (who)…后，剩下的词仍能组成一个完整的句子。这是判断是不是强调句型的关键。

②如果强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，不可用when, where, why或how，而仍用that。 ③强调句型的否定句是Is (Was) it…that (who)…？疑问句形式是疑问词+is (Was) it…that (who)…？

④强调句型的时态和谓语动词时态问题要格外注意。强调主语时，that或who后面的谓语动词的形式仍然取决于原句中的主语；be的变化只有is和was两种形式，如果要表示现在时将来时的其它各种形式时，就用It is…, 表达过去时的各种形式时，用It was….一般要与谓语动词的时态一致。如： It is I who/ that am an English teacher. 我才是英语老师。

It is the boy who/ that speaks English best in the class. 班里英语讲得最好的就是这个男孩。

It was on Sunday that he gave George this ticket. 就是在周日那天他给了乔治这张票。

It is the little girl who/ that has broken the glass. 就是这个小女孩把玻璃打碎的。

178. Yang Ming hates being called an alcoholic, but it is the fact that people have classified his music as “noise” that upset him most.

【句式翻译】杨明讨厌被人叫做酒鬼，但是让他感到最为伤心的还是人们将他的音乐归类为噪音这个事实。

【句式分析】该句主干部分是一个由but连接的并列句，第一分句是简单句，谓语动词hate后接动名词的被动语态作宾语；第二分句是复合句，主句的主语the fact后有一个同位语从句that people have…。

【词语点拨】1) alcoholic adj.含酒精的；酗酒的 n.酗酒者 Alcoholic drink can have a bad effect on your body. 含酒精的饮料会对你身体有很坏的影响。 2) classify…as v.将... ...归类

Would you classify her novels as serious literature or other?

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你认为她的小说属于文学类还是其它类?

【语法点拨】强调句型可以对句子的主语、宾语、状语等进行强调。具体用法参见第177句。

179. They come to see the grand sights of the Great Wall and the Forbidden City but often it is the hutongs that leave the strongest impression, as they offer the travellers a rare view into China’s past.

【句式翻译】他们特意来看长城和故宫的壮丽景色，但常常是那些胡同给他们留下最深的印象，因为透过难得一见的胡同，游客能看到中国的过去。

【句式分析】全句的主干是由but连接的并列句，第二分句是一个复合句，句中既有强调主句主语的强调句型，又有as引导的原因状语从句。 【词语点拨】1) sight n.视力；看见；视线；景物 It didn't take long before I lost sight of the plane. 没多久,飞机就在我的视线中消失了。 2) impression n.印象；感觉

Her gentleness has given me a deep impression. 她的亲切给我留下了很深印象。

【语法点拨】对句子的主语强调时，要注意强调句型中的主谓一致问题。具体用法参见第177句。

180. It was then that I realized that I had not really come to help, but to learn about and experience another culture that helped improve my own understanding of life and the world. 【句式翻译】就在那是我认识到实际上我不是来帮助他人，而是了解和体验另 一种文化，这有助于提高我对生活和世界的理解。

【句式分析】该句是个含有强调句型的复合句，被强调的是时间状语then。主句的谓语realized后面有that引导的宾语从句，其中含有两个并列不定式not come to… but to …。而宾语从句中又有一个that引导的定语从句来修饰culture，关系代词that在从句中作主语，不可被省略。

【词语点拨】experience n.经验；经历 v.经历；体验；感受；具体用法参见第101句。 【语法点拨】并列不定式中的to有时不可省略。具体用法参见第152句。

181. Another good thing about the use of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer, which not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oil and work better．

【句式翻译】噪音消除系统应用的另一好处就是没有必要使用消声器．这不仅减轻了轿车的重量，而且使发动机耗油更少，运转更好。

【句式分析】这是一个含有that引导的表语从句的复合句。并且表语从句后接了which 引导的非限制性定语从句，代替整个上文的内容。非限制性定语从句的两个谓语动词是一个

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由not only…but also …连接的并列结构。

【词语点拨】reduce v.减少；缩小；使落魄；简化；还原 The new government's prime task is to reduce the level of inflation. 新政府的首要任务是降低通货膨胀的水平。

We need to reduce our dependence on oil as a source of energy. 在能源方面,我们需要减少对石油的依赖。 【语法点拨】非限制性定语从句的五个“不能”： ①通常不能用that引导。如：

I like the book, which was bought yesterday. 我喜欢这本书，这是昨天买的。 ②不能用why引导，要用for which代替why。如： I had told them the reason, for which I didn’t attend the meeting. 我已经把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有去开会。 ③不能用which引导从句置于句首。如：

She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. 她听到一个可怕的声音，这让她把心都提到嗓子眼了。 ④由“介词+关系代词”引导时，其中的关系代词不能用as。如：

I finished my work ahead of time, after which I sat down reading the newspaper. 我提前干完了我的活，随后我坐下看报纸。

⑤指人的关系代词作宾语时，只用宾格whom; 不用who替换，也不能省。如： Do you know Tom, whom we talked about? 你认识汤姆吗? 我们谈到过他。

182. However, much more than buildings and objects, it is the forms of the people who were caught in the disaster that have made the city a monument to human history.

【句式翻译】但是，与其说是建筑和物品，倒不如说是那些在那场灾难中遇难的人的轮廓像，使得这座城市成为人类历史上的一座纪念碑。

【句式分析】该句是一个复合句，主句中的主语是被强调部分，它带有自己的定语从句，由who引导。除采用强调句型来强调主语外，该句还用了more than来加重对the forms of the people who…的强调语气。

【词语点拨】1) be caught in v.陷入；卷入；遭遇（困难、不幸） We were caught in the storm and got wet through. 我们遇上大雨全都被浇透了。 2) monument n.给某人树立的纪念碑 They raised a monument to the national hero. 他们为那位民族英雄树了纪念碑。

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【语法点拨】more…than…的三个用法：①“比……更多”，more为many或much的比较级，表示数量，后接名词。如：

I made more mistakes than you. 我犯的错误比你多。

②“比…更”，more后接多音节形容词或副词，构成比较级，对两者比较。如： Travelling by train is more relaxing than driving. 乘火车旅行比开汽车轻松得多。

③“与其说……不如说”，不是对两个对象进行比较，而是对同一个人或物在两个不同方面进行比较或取舍，不论形容词或副词是单音节、双音节还是多音节，一律用more…than…。如：

He is more lucky than clever. 与其说他聪明，不如说他幸运。 He is more (a) scholar than (a) teacher. 与其说他是位教师，不如说是位学者。

183. Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s.

【句式翻译】虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开始到来了，但是更大批量的中国 移民却是在19世纪60年代为修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。

【句式分析】该句是一复合句，although引导的让步状语从句在前，而逗号后面的主句是一个强调句，对句子的主语进行强调。

【词语点拨】1) immigrant n.移民（强调“到某国定居”，其后常接介词in） California has many immigrants from other states. 加利福尼亚有许多来自其他州的移民。

对比：emigrant n.移民（强调“从某国离去”，其后常接介词from） A ship full of emigrants will soon leave for Canada. 一条载满移居外国者的船很快就要开往加拿大了。

【语法点拨】运用强调句型时要注意时态问题。具体用法参见第177句。

184. You must be aware that it is here that we found the evidence of some of the earliest people who lived in this part of the world.

【句式翻译】你们想必都很清楚, 正是在这个地方, 我们找到了居住在世界上 这个部分最早人类的证据。

【句式分析】该句是一复合句，主句You must be aware that…中的that引导的是it is here…that…of the world这一含有强调句型的宾语从句，其中还有who引导的定语从句修饰people。

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【词语点拨】evidence n.证据；证词；根据；迹象 v.证明；证实 There wasn't enough evidence to prove his guilt. 没有充分的证据能证明他有罪。

【语法点拨】强调句型如果强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，不可用when, where, why或how，而仍用that。如：

It was in the People’s Park that I met the old couple taking photos of flowers. 正是在人民公园里我遇到了那对正在给花拍照的老夫妇。

185. Wherever you go in America you can find highways, multi-storey car parks, drive-in cinemas and drive-through fast food restaurants, all built to suit the needs of car owners. 【句式翻译】在美国无论你去哪儿，你都能发现高速公路、多层停车场、汽车影院、甲车通过式快餐店，所有这些都是为了满足开车人的需求。

【句式分析】该句是一个复合句，主句是you can find…，从句是句首的Wherever you go…作让步状语，主句后还有一个被逗号分隔开来的独立主格结构作状语。 【词语点拨】suit the needs of v.满足某人的需求

We must try to suit /meet / satisfy the needs of the ordinary consumers. 我们一定要设法满足普通消费者的要求。

【语法点拨】独立主格结构，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，而是由具有逻辑主谓关系的两部分组成，前一部分是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。如：

His homework having been finished, he went home. 作业完成后，他回家了。

The baby fell from the bed, blood coming down from his face, crying loudly. 婴儿从床上摔下来,血从脸上流下来,婴儿高声地哭着。

186. It took over half an hour to get the boat back to James, and when we approached him, I saw James being held up in the water by Old Tom.

【句式翻译】我们花了半个小时才把船掉过头来，回到詹姆斯落水的地方。当我们靠近他的时候，我看到老汤姆正在水里托着詹姆斯。

【句式分析】该句的主干是由and连接的并列句，第一个分句中含有it took (sb) some time to do…句式，第二分句含有when引导的时间状语从句来表示主句I saw…的发生时间。 【词语点拨】hold …up 举起；支撑；阻挡；抢劫 The train was held up by heavy fog. 火车因大雾而受阻。

【语法点拨】It took (sb) some time to do…这个句型是表示“做某事花费某人多少时间”, 主

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语是物。这里的“it”是形式主语，“to do …”才是真正的主语。take后面除了加一段时间外，还可以加表示“精力、力气、勇气”等名词。如果是表示花费的金钱、牺牲的健康等含义，要用动词cost。如：

It took me 20 minutes to read the book. 读这本书花了我20分钟的时间。

It cost us 450,000 yuan to buy this large house. 买这套房花了我们45万元钱。

187. They realize that it does not matter how attractive the idea linked with the product is --- most people know that the main purpose of the advertisement is making customers spend money. 【句式翻译】他们意识到，与产品相关联的理念多么吸引人并不重要 ---多数 人都知道广告的主要目的就是让消费者花钱。

【句式分析】该句是一复合句，第一个that引导realize的宾语从句，该宾语从句中含有一个由it做形式主语代替真正的主语how attractive … is。破折号后也是个复合句，起解释的作用，第二个that引导的是know的宾语从句。

【词语点拨】link…to /with 把…连接、联系起来; 具体用法参见第134句。

【语法点拨】it做形式主语，除了可以代替动词不定式短语和动名词短语外，还经常代替从句，起到平衡句子结构的作用。常见典型句式有：

① It + be +形容词/名词词组（surprising, a fact, a pity, a question）+主语从句 如：

It’s a pity that you missed the exciting football match. 很遗憾你没看到那场激动人心的足球赛。

② It + be +过去分词（believed, expected, hoped, reported, said等）+主语从句。如： It is reported that 16 people were killed in the earthquake. 据报道有16人在地震中死亡。

③ It +不及物动词 (seem, appear, happen等) +主语从句。如：

It happened that I was out when he called. 当他打电话时我刚好出去了。

188. Therefore it should not be surprising that our first attempt at expressing ideas should look so simple.

【句式翻译】因此，我们表达想法的初稿居然显得如此简单，这按说并不该让人感到意外。 【句式分析】该句是一个复合句，由it做形式主语，真正的主语从句由that引导放在表语surprising后面。

【词语点拨】attempt v.企图；尝试 n.企图；试图；具体用法参见第8句。 【语法点拨】it做形式主语，代替从句, 具体用法参见第187句。

189. It takes courage to be honest when people all around you are getting away with cheating

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on tests, lying to their parents, and stealing at work.

【句式翻译】当我们周围的人考试作弊、对父母撒谎、上班偷窃却侥幸未被发 现时，我们要想诚实需要极大的勇气。

【句式分析】该句是一复合句，由it做形式主语，真正的主语是to be honest; when引导的从句直至句尾，是takes的时间状语从句。 【词语点拨】get away with v.侥幸逃脱(惩罚)

For such a serious offence he was lucky to get away with a fine. 他犯了那么严重的过失,却侥幸只交罚款了事。

【语法点拨】it做形式主语，代替动词不定式短语, 具体用法参见第186句。

190. It surprised nearly everyone that the Hatches had so much money, more than＄3 million—they were an elderly couple who lived in an old house on what was left of the family farm.

【句式翻译】让所有人惊讶的是Hatch夫妇有这么多的钱---300多万美元，而 他们仅仅是住在一对被遗留下来的家庭农场上的一个老房子里的老年夫妇。

【句式分析】该句是复合句。it做形式主语，代替that引导的主语从句。破折号后面的也是一个复合句，起解释前文的作用，其中who引导的是couple的定语从句，what引导的是介词on的宾语从句。

【词语点拨】1) elderly adj.年老的；年长的 Many elderly people live an idle life. 许多老年人过着悠闲的生活。

2) be left of v.被剩下的（主语常是what） She saved what was left of the food for supper. 她把剩下的食物留作晚餐。

【语法点拨】英文中，“the+姓氏的复数”代表一家人或夫妇二人，如the Greens。如果强调的是Green家这个单数概念，谓语动词用单数；反之，如果强调的是Green家的每个人，是复数概念，谓语动词也要用复数，与主语取得一致。如：

The Greens are watching TV together. What a happy family the Green is! 格林一家在共同看电视。它们是多么幸福的一个家庭啊！

191. Jonathan insists that it is not necessary to make a huge impressive kite to have fun making and flying kites.

【句式翻译】乔纳森坚持说，要只是想通过做和放风筝来开心，就没必要做那么大一个给人深刻印象的风筝。

【句式分析】该句是复合句。在that引导的宾语从句中由it做形式主语来代替后面的不定式to make a … kite。

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【词语点拨】insist v.坚持；强调；坚决主张 They insist that I stay there for supper. 他们坚决要求让我留下吃晚饭。 He insisted on paying for the meal. 他坚持要付饭钱。

【语法点拨】当insist表示“坚持说；坚决认为”，接that从句，用陈述语气。从句谓语的动作发生于主句谓语动作前，是陈述已发生的事。当insist表示“坚决主张；坚持要求”，接that从句，用虚拟语气。即“should＋动词原形”，should可省略。如： She insisted that he was wrong. 她坚持认为他错了。

He insisted that we (should) accept these gifts. 他一定要我们收下这些礼物。

192. However, it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices.

【句式翻译】然而，意识到这些危险是很重要的，因为不管生活方式的选择如何，每个人都要接触到空气污染。

【句式分析】该句是一复合句。it做形式主语代替to be aware…这个不定式短语放于句首。because引导的是原因状语从句。 【词语点拨】regardless of 不管；不顾 I'll take the job regardless of the pay. 不管报酬多少我都要这份工作。

【语法点拨】In spite of 和regardless of两个词表示让步，但在语气和意思上有明显差别。In spite of 是表示转折的意思，意为“即使... ...也不.. ....”，是否定语气。regardless of 是表示“无论如何都要...”的意思，是肯定语气。如： He failed to lift the rock in spite of all his exertions. 他虽竭尽全力，但仍然未能将那石头搬起来。

I shall go regardless of the weather. 我不管天气如何都要去。

193. Can you believe that there used to be a consensus in society that opposed the writing of novels by authoresses (女作家)？Clearly this restriction must have operated at a time when there was no equality of opportunity for women.

【句式翻译】你相信从前社会上存在着反对女子写小说的共识吗？很显然，这种限制在妇女没有平等权利的时期肯定会起作用的。

【句式分析】第一句是一个复合句，既含有that引导的believe的宾语从句，又含有that引导的consensus的同位语从句。第二句也是个复合句，其中的when there was…引导的是

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time的定语从句。

【词语点拨】1) consensus n.一致；同意；共识 The two parties have reached a consensus. 这两个政党达成了一致意见。 2) oppose v.反对；对抗；使对立

It was courageous of him to oppose his chief. 他敢反对他的上司，真是勇敢。

【语法点拨】There引导的句子是一种倒装句，表示事物的存在。在there be句型中，there为引导词，无明显的词义，动词be表示“有，存在”的意思，名词做主语，放在谓语动词be的后面，谓语be的形式随主语的单复数变化而变化，并且有各种时态变化。如： Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

There is a knife and two books on the desk. 桌上有一把小刀和两本书。

There will be a meeting sometime next week. 下个星期的某个时候要开个会。

194. There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer but there is fierce debate over whether it is human activity that has caused this global warming or whether it is just a natural phenomenon.

【句式翻译】毫无疑问，地球是在变暖，而地球变暖正是人类活动导致而成的，并非是一种无规律的自然现象。

【句式分析】该复合句的主干是由but连接的并列成分。but前面是一个复合句there is no doubt that，其中that…做doubt的同位语从句，而but后面主干依然是there is fierce debate over…句型，但较为复杂，over后面有两个宾语从句都由whether引导，被or连接起来，并且第一个whether后面还出现了对句子主语human activity进行强调的强调句型，it无实在意义。而第二个whether中的it是普通的代词，代替the earth is becoming warmer这一现象。

【词语点拨】1) debate n.辩论；讨论 vt.争论；思考 vi.辩论 After a long debate, the house of commons approved the bill. 经过长时间的辩论，下议院通过了议案。 He dared them to debate with him about it. 他向他们挑战，要他们和他辩论这个问题。 2) phenomenon n.现象（其复数形式为phenomena）

He believes that there must be a physical explanation for these strange phenomena. 他相信这

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些奇怪的现象一定可以根据自然规律作出解释。

【语法点拨】英文中的it有时是代词，有时是强调句式的构成部分，有时是形式主语或宾语，要根据上下文作出判断。具体用法参见第177,186,187句。

195. These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills, while more women speech skills.

【句式翻译】大脑这些差异也解释了这样的事实：更多的男性从事空间技能的工作，而更多的女性则从事需要语言技能的工作。

【句式分析】该句包含一个that引导的the fact的同位语从句，在其中又有一个that引导的定语从句来修饰jobs，还有一个while连接的并列句，其中在more women 和speech skills之间省略了take up jobs that require，其结构与上句相同。 【词语点拨】1) take up 拿起；开始；从事；占去；继续做 She took up the receiver and began to dial the number. 她拿起听筒开始拨电话号码。

When did you take up Japanese as a second foreign language? 你什么时间开始选修日语作为第二语言? 2) require v. 要求；命令；规定

The director required that we should work all night. 主任要求我们通宵工作。

【语法点拨】在并列句中，为了避免与第一个分句的相同内容重复，可采用省略谓语，而保留主语和表语或补足语等成分。而在一些并列句中，由于前面已经出现了相同的主语，为了避免重复，后一个分句的主语也常常省略。如：

One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and the other white。 木板子的一边应漆成绿色，另一边漆成白色。

He came into the classroom, (he) sat down and (he) began to read。 他走进教室，坐下，然后开始朗读。

196. When rescue did come, we felt such relief and joy that many of us could not hide our tears. 【句式翻译】当救援真的赶来时，我们长长地松了口气，欣喜不已，许多人忍不住流下了眼泪。

【句式分析】该复合句中包含有一个when引导的时间状语从句和主句当中存在的such…that结果状语从句。did come是对谓语动词进行强调，翻译成“真的到来”。 【词语点拨】1) rescue vt.&n. 营救；援救（有时间上的紧迫性) Had Jim not dived in to rescue him, the boy would have drowned. 如果不是吉姆跳下水去救，那小孩早就淹死了。

2) relief n.减轻；解除；轻松；救济(品)；安慰 relieve v.救济；减轻；解除

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The pills gave her some relief. 药片减轻她一些痛苦。

This medicine will relieve your headache. 这药将减轻你的头痛。

【语法点拨】 so…that与such… that都连接结果状语从句，作“如此……以致”解，但用法不同。so＋形容词或副词＋that…，而such＋（形容词）名词＋that…。such…that的句型结构大致可分以下三种：

①such＋a(an)＋adj.＋单数可数名词＋that…clause 如：He is such a clever boy that everybody likes him. 他非常聪明，大家都喜欢他。

②such＋adj.＋复数可数名词＋that…clause

如：They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again. 这些小说非常有趣，我想再读一遍。 ③such＋adj.＋不可数名词＋that clause

如：He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him. 他进步得很快，老师们对他感到很满意。

注意：如果such后边的名词前由表示“多、少”的四个词many、much、few、little等词所修饰的话，则不用such而用so。如：

He had so little education that he was unfit for this job. 他所受教育很少，不适合做这个工作。

197. You will read more efficiently if you keep in mind the purpose for your reading and then read in a way that will best help you to achieve this purpose.

【句式翻译】如果你记住阅读的目的，并且以帮你实现该目的的最佳方式阅读，那么你的阅读将更加有效。

【句式分析】该复合句含有一个if引导的条件状语从句，而该条件句中又包含有两个谓语动词keep in mind…和read in a way…。in a way后有一个由关系代词that引导的定语从句来修饰先行词way，that在其中作主语，不可省。 【词语点拨】keep …in mind 记住；牢记 You should keep in mind what I have said. 我刚才说过的你要记住。

【语法点拨】当先行词是way时，后面的定语从句引导词在从句中做状语，可以是in which、that、省略三种形式；如果引导词在从句中做主语或宾语，则可以由which或that充当，并且做宾语时可以省略。如：

I don't like the way (in which/ that) you speak to your parents.

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我不喜欢你跟你爸妈说话的方式。

Can you show me the way (which/ that) you used in your new task? 你能把你在你新任务当中用过的方法告诉我吗？

198. As readers, we know that this sentence is not really true but it represents the opinions of all mothers who have daughters to marry.

【句式翻译】作为读者，我们知道这句话并不完全真实，但是它却代表着所有有女儿要出嫁的母亲们的观点。

【句式分析】该句是个由but连接的并列句，第二分句又是一个复合句，主句 中的of all mothers是宾语opinions的定语，其后是who引导的定语从句。

【词语点拨】represent vt.表现；代表；象征（受委托代表某人、机构办事）；具体用法参见第73句。

【语法点拨】…all mothers who have daughters to marry.中：have + 宾语 + to do （不定式作定语，用主动表被动）。不定式做定语时，如果句子的主语是该不 定式的逻辑主语，一般用主动表被动。但如果不是，就要用被动式。如： He has an important meeting to attend. 他要参加一个会议。

Do you have anything to be taken there? 你有要别人替你往那儿带的东西吗？

199. She cried out “Tony” and then heard him declare that he didn’t want to leave her the next day and that he felt more than just the desire to please her.

【句式翻译】她大叫一声“托尼”，然后听到托尼一本正经地说，第二天他不想离开她，而且他并不满足于仅仅只使她开心。

【句式分析】全句的主干是主语She和由and连接的两个并列谓语动词cried out …and heard…，在第二个谓语动词后面为一个动词的复合结构heard him declare，而declare又有两个由that引导的宾语从句。 【词语点拨】1) declare v.宣布,宣告 I now declare this meeting open. 我现在宣布会议开幕。 2) more than just 不仅仅是

What you gave me was more than just happiness. 你给予我的不仅仅是幸福。

【语法点拨】引导宾语从句时，连词that通常可以省略，尤其是在口语中以及在believe、think、suppose、consider、say、see、know、hear、propose、understand等表心理活动及知

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觉的动词后。但是若是动词所带的宾语从句有两个或两个以上时，第一个that可以省略，第二个或以后的that不可省。如：

I think (that) you’d better check on it right now. 我想你最好现在就核实一下。

He suggested (that) we should think twice before we take action and that we should consult an expert.

他建议我们采取行动前最好三思，并且应该咨询专家。

200. In conclusion, we are only really in the initial stages of exploring space but we have come a long way since learning that the Earth is not flat and spins in an orbit around the sun. 【句式翻译】总之，我们现在还只处于探索宇宙的初级阶段，但是自从了解到地球不是平的而是绕着太阳呈椭圆型轨道旋转我们已经取得了长足的进步。

【句式分析】全句是一个由but连接的并列句，第二分句中since learning… 做时间状语修饰前面的come，并且learning还带有自己的宾语从句that… 【词语点拨】1) in the initial stage 在初始阶段

The novel was still in the initial stage. 这部小说还处在创始阶段。 2) come a long way 有很大进步；有很大改进

We've come a long way since those early days of the project. 这项工作开始以来我们已取得很大进展。

【语法点拨】since表示“自从……以来”时的用法： ①接时间点：谓语动词是延续性动词的现在完成时。如： I have stayed in that country since 1995.

②接时间段+ ago：谓语动词是延续性动词的现在完成时。如： They have lived in that house since two years ago.

③接时间状语从句：要求：主句的谓语动词是延续性动词的现在完成时；从句的谓语动词是终止性动词的一般过去时。如： I have loved her since I met her last time.

④用于句型“It’s / It has been + 一段时间 + since + 时间状语从句”中，译作“自从……以来, 已经……(时间)了”。要求：主句的谓语动词用一般现在时或现在完成时；从句的谓语动词是终止性动词的一般过去时。如：

It’s / has been three months since he moved to this city.

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