时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。 英语时态分为16种 现在 一般时态 do/does 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态 Am/is/are doing Have/has done Have/has been doing 过去 将来 did Was/were doing Had done Had been doing Shall/will have been doing Shall/will do Shall/will be Shall/will doing have done 过去将Should/would 来 do Should/would doing Should/would Should/would have done have doing been
1. 一般现在时
基本结构：①be动词am/is/are； ②行为动词原形或单数第三人称。 否定形式：① am ／is ／are ＋________；②此时态的谓语动词若为行
为动词，则在 其前加_________，如主语为第三人称单数，则用___________，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首； ②用助动词 do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，用does，同时，还原行为动词。
提示词：always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , sometimes , seldom , usually
1) 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。
She doesn't often write to her family, only once a month. It seldom rains here .这儿很少下雨。 2）仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。
这里的目的是为了\"描述现阶段的动作或状态\"，其重点\"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态\"。例如：
He can speak five foreign languages .
Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 3) 陈述客观事实、客观真理。
The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。
4) 根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如：
I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。 If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details.
5）现在时的特殊用法：一般现在时表过去
1. 用于某些动词(tell, say, hear, learn, gather等)表示不确定的过去时间。如： I hear that he got married last month. 我听说他上个月结婚了。 Mary says you told her to come over here. 玛丽说是你让她到这儿来的。 2. 当要陈述一个客观事实时，有时即使有过去时间状语也可用一般现在时。如： The story is set in the summer of 1937. 故事的背景是1937年夏天。
The story begins in the year 1937. 故事开始于1937年。 练习
1)He always _____ ( get） up early.
2)Mary often ______（do） some shopping on Sundays 3).I’ll go with you as soon as I_______（finish)my homework. 4)If he _______(come) here, I will tell you 5）The earth ________( move) round the sun. 6)Tom sometimes ________(have) lunch at school. 7)Lily usually ________(fly) kites on weekends. 8)They ________(be) never late for class.
9）Light _________(travel) faster than sound . 10)________Jim _________(speak) English ？
2.一般过去时
1.定义：表示过去某一点或某一段时间的动作或存在的状态。
2.提示词:yesterday, the day before yesterday,just now , last week/month/year, ….ago, a moment ago , after three days, last term, in September, in 2000, 3.动词过去式的构成： 1）v+ed 2) e+ed
3）重读闭音节双写最后一个辅音字母再加ed。 planned, stopped, preferred, shopped 4）辅音加y结尾的把y改i再加ed。 Study,copy ,carry,worry 5）不规则 练习
1）Tom ______(watch) TV last night .He _____(go) nowhere. 2)She ______(give) me a present last Christmas. 3)The story ______(happen) two years ago.
4)It was very cold , so he ____(put) on his coat. 5)Who _____(break) the windows just now ?
6）I ___（get) a letter from my brother a moment ago. 7）He ______(try ) to help us when we were in trouble. 8)The bed was’t good , but I ______(sleep) very well. 9)When she ______(hear) what I said , she _____(become) angry.
10)They ________(enjoy) themselves last night .
3.一般将来时
1. 定义：表示在将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常 与表示将来的时间状语连用。
2. 提示词：tomorrow , the day after tomorrow , next week /month/year ,later ,later on ,soon, in +一段时间
3. 构成：
1）Shall 用于第一人称， will适用任何人称，但第一人称疑问句一定用shall. 2）“be+不定式”：表示命令、安排、倾向或必须、义务等。如： She is to play Juliet. 她扮演朱丽叶。
You are to make the necessary changes. 你要做出必要的改变。
3）“be about to + 不定式”：表示即将发生的动作，有“即将”的意思，但不能和具体的时间状语连用。如：
The package is about to come unwrapped. 那个包快散开了。
4）“be going + 不定式”：表示按计划或安排打算去做某事，或表示有迹象表明要发生某事。如：
My sister’s going to have a baby this summer. 我姐姐今年夏天要生孩子。 5）用现在进行时表示将来：主要表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如： The students are leaving on Sunday. 学生们星期日出发。 6）用一般现在时表示将来：表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如：
The train leaves at 10:04 this evening. 火车今晚10:04分开。 练习
1）She _____(go) to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening . 2)We ______(visit) our teacher next Sunday. 3)John __________(come) soon .
4)The rain _________(stop) later on .
5)My father ______(have ) a meeting in a few days . 6)What ______we ______(do) next?
7)_______I _______（wash) the clothes tomorrow ? 8)There _______(be ) a party tomorrow evening . 9)I_________(not go ) there if it rains tomorrow. 10)They _______(see) us as soon as they reach here.
4.现在进行时
1）“说话、写文章的当刻”正在发生的动作。例如： They are having a football match .他们正在赛足球。 She is writing her term paper. 她正在写学期论文。
2）“现阶段”一直在进行的动作。这种情况并不是说某个动作在说话的那会儿正在发生，而是说某个动作在当前一段时间内一直在进行着，或是重复地发生着。例如： He is preparing for CET Band Six. 他在为大学英语六级考试作准备。 How are you getting along with your new job？ 你那份新工作干得怎么样？ 3）表示说话人的情感，如：赞许、批评；喜欢、厌恶等。这时的动作并不是正在发生或进行，而是表示经常性，相当于“一般现在时”所描述的情况。例如： He is always thinking of others , not of himself . （表示赞许）
One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.（表示不满） Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .
4）表示在近期按计划或安排要发生的动作,用于这种情况仅限于少量的动词，如：go , come , leave ,arrive , see , have , lunch( 吃午饭 ) , return, dine ( 进餐，尤指晚餐 ) , work , sleep , stay , play , do , wear( 穿，戴 ) 等。例如： I'm dinning out with my friends this evening. 今晚我将和朋友在外面吃饭。 Are you staying here till next week? 你要在这儿呆到下星期吗？
现在进行时与一般现在时均可表示将来，区别是：用现在进行时表示将来，其计划性较强，并往往暗示一种意图；而一般现在时表示将来，则其客观性较强，即通常被视为客观事实，多指按时刻表或规定要发生的情况：
I’m not going out this evening. 今晚我不准备出去。
What time does the train leave? 火车什么时候开? 练习
1）Look! LiLei ___________(help) Jim with his Chinese. 2）Don’t make any noise .Grandma________(sleep) 3 ）Listen! She_________(sing) in the room . 4）Be quiet ,they __________(have ) classes.
5) “What are you doing here ?” “I____________(wait) for Tim.” 6)Look! The boys _____________(swim) in the river . 7)Mrs Brown _______always __________(help) others . 8)Don’t go out ,boy. It__________(rain) now
5.过去进行时
主要表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作。由于它的定义是表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作，所以，句子常带有一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语可能是短语，词组，或是一个从句。也可能是通过上下文来表达这层意思 1）表示在过去某时刻正在进行的动作，例如：
At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.
What were you doing at eight last night ? 昨晚八点钟你在做什么？ 2）用于故事的开头，交代故事发生的背景情况。
过去进行时所描述的动作是“正在进行”，所以，在这种情景中用“过去进行时”可以给读者一种“动感”，从而能使文章更加生动活泼。例如：
One night, he was typing in his study . Suddenly , a man broke into his house and cut off the electricity …
3)（仅限少数动词）表示在过去的未来时间要发生的动作。例如： She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday We left there when it's getting dark.
练习
1）He __________(do) his homework at two o’clock yesterday afternoon.
2)They__________(have）a meeting from 8 to 10 last night. 3)Mary__________(wash) her clothes when we came in. 4)At that time the boy ___________(play) football 。
5)While we _____(talk) with Mr.Wang in English , a foreigner came up .
6.过去完成时
一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点
概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即\"过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）\"。
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那时以前 那时 现在 构成：过去完成时由\"助动词 had + 过去分词\"构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning. 二、过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定
一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。
如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。
如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。
如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由\"过去的过去\"来判定。
过去完成时表示\"过去的过去\"，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （ 1 ）宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
（ 3 ）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示\"原本…，未能…\"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3. 根据上、下文来判定。
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
三、过去完成时的主要用法
1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在\"过去的过去\"。如：
When I woke up, it had stopped raining.
我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在\"过去的过去\"）
2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是\"过去的过去\"，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：
He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 ) 3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。
如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。
如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）
四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为\"助动词 have (has) + 过去分词\"；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调\"过去的过去\"，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：
I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English words till then. 到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
- I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 - Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.
没什么，我只等了几分钟。（\"等\"的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）
- John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 - Where had he been?
他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即\"过去的过去\"）
五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调\"过去的过去\"；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如：
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如： He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
I (had) called her before I left the office. 练习：
1） By the end of last term ,we ________( learn) 2000 words.
2）When I got home , my mother ___________(go) to bed . 3)He told me he __________（meet) her before .
4)He _________(leave ） his office when I arrived there
5)She ___(visit) the city three times before she died in 1997.
7.现在完成时
定义：1）表示过去发生或已经完成的某一个动作对现在造成的影响或结果。如：I have just post a letter .
2）表示过去已经开始，持续到现在（也许还会继续下去）的动作或状态。常和表示一段时间状语连用。如：She has taught English for twenty years . You have been in this school for ten years .
2一些瞬间动词的现在完成时不能和表示一段时间状语连用. come go leave arrive leave borrow buy 不能与 for 或 since 连用 3提示词：yet , for , just , before ,since , once ,never, twice , ever , already , in the last/past five years , so far
4 has(have） been to / has(have） gone to在意义上的区别。 5 Have/has +过去分词
8.过去将来时
表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。但这个\"将来\"时间绝不会延伸到“现在”；而仅限于“过去时间区域内”。由此可以看出，含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于：
A）宾语从句或间接引语中；B）表示过去习惯性的动作；C）表示过去情况中的“愿望”、“倾向”，多用于否定句。例如：
A) When I thought about it , I wondered what their reaction would be .
She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. He didn't expect that we would all be there. 他没料到我们会全在那儿 B) During that period , he would do morning-exercises every day. Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework.
C) No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it .
They knew that we would never permit such a thing.
Even after the lecture ended, the audience would not leave . II. 用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. Miss Zhang said she ________(visit) the Great Wall next summer.
2. She told him that she ________(not stay) here for long. 3. I wasn’t sure whether Lucy_______(come) the next year.
4. The scientists said the world’s population ______ (slow) down in future. 5. She said the bus _______(leave) at five the next morning.
6. I wasn't sure whether he _______(lend) me his book the next morning. 7. He was fifty-six. In two years he _______(be) fifty-eight. 8. Whenever she has time, she ______(help) them in their work.
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