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高中英语知识讲解 现在完成时的被动语态

2022-06-17 来源:年旅网


现在完成时的被动语态

编稿:张桂琴 审稿:

语法点拨

概念引入

1. Over time I have been changed quite a lot.

经过一段时间我已经变了很多。

2. Since the 1970s many new applications have been found for me.

自从20世纪70年代,已经为我(计算机)找到了许多应用。

3. I have also been put into robots and used to make mobile phones as well as help with medical operations. 我(计算机)已经被植入机器人,应用于制造手机,协助进行内科手术。

上述句子中的谓语都用了被动语态的完成时,这就是本单元我们要讲的语法项目。

用法讲解

【高清课堂:被动语态】

Ⅰ.被动语态的概念

语态

1. 英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。

2. 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。如:

Many people speak Chinese.

3. 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受着。如:上句可变为

Chinese is spoken by many people.

为什么要用被动语态?

a) 当关注的是事情本身而不是动作的执行者,或者根本不知道动作的执行者时。如:

The meeting was put off. 会议被延期了。

My car has been moved. 我的车被人移动了。

b) 动作的执行者很明确时或强调承受者时。

The ceremony was reported in the news last night.

那个仪式在昨天晚上的新闻中报道了。

If you break the school rules, you will be punished.

如果你违背了法律,你将受到惩罚。

c) 当动作的执行者是“people”或 “one” 时。

He is believed to have invented the puter.

大家都相信他发明了计算机。

Advertisements are seen everywhere.

广告随处可见。

d) 修辞的需要,为了使句子更加简练、匀称。

II. 被动语态常用的各种时态

1) 一般现在时的被动语态:am/is/are+ 过去分词

I’m often asked to do this work. 我常常被派做这项工作。

2) 一般过去时的被动语态:was/were+ 过去分词

He was sent to the hospital immediately after the accident.

事故后他立刻被送往医院。

3) 一般将来时的被动语态:will/shall + be + 过去分词或 + be going to + be + 过去分词

The work will be finished soon. 这项工作不久就会完成。

4) 现在进行时的被动语态:is/am/are + being+ 过去分词

The bridge is now being constructed. 那座桥正在建造。

5) 现在完成时的被动语态:have/has +been + 过去分词

The radio has been repaired when we phoned the shop.

我们给那家店打电话时,收音机已经修好了。

6) 带情态动词的被动语态 (情态动词 + be + 过去分词)

This can be done in a few minutes. 这个可以几分钟后做。

7) 动词不定式的被动式 (to be + 过去分词)

It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. 很荣幸被邀请在这里发言。

边讲边练:翻译句子

1. 全世界越来越多的人讲汉语。

Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.

2. 1949年中华人民共和国成立。

People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.

3.明天将对这个问题进行讨论。

The problem will be discussed tomorrow.

4. 纸张一直被认为是中国最重要的发明之一。

Paper has been considered as one of the most important inventions in China. 5.我的自行车正在修理。

My bike is being repaired.

6.我到了图书馆时,那本书已经借出去了。

The book had been borrowed when I got to the library.

III. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时

1.现在完成时(have/has + 过去分词)

1)现在完成时的动作或情况虽然发生在过去,但它强调的是与现在的关系,用来说明现在的情况。

2)现在完成时常用时间状语:

A. 不能与表示确定的过去时间的状语连用, 如yesterday, two weeks ago, in 1978, when I got there 等;

B. 常与 already, always, often, ever, never, yet, not...yet, just等不表示明确的时间副词连用;

C. 可以和表示时间一直延续到目前的带since, for 的状语及包括现在在内的词连用,如now, today, this month, this year, recently, these few days 等。

(2015 陕西高考) Successfully, I have lent a helping hand to her in several English activities of my class, which have been appreciated by both teachers and classmates.

在班里的几次英语活动中,我都成功地给了她帮助,这得到了师生们的赞赏。

3)对比:一般过去时只表示过去某时发生的动作或情况,与现在毫无关系。

(2015 北京高考) One Sunday, Nicholas, a teenager, went skiing at Sugarloaf Mountain in Maine.

星期天,尼古拉斯,一个十几岁的男孩,去了缅因州的苏格洛夫山滑雪。

对比:过去完成时(had +过去分词)

过去完成时主要体现过去发生的两动作的先后,表达的是“过去的过去”,即比过去发生的某动作都还要“过去”,两动作中先发生的就用过去完成时,后发生的则只用一般过去时。运用过去完成时的句子往往有两个过去的时间或动作。

Mr Green had lived in New York for ten years before he came to China.

格林先生来中国之前在纽约住了十年。

(\"来”中国已过去,而先前“住”在纽约更过去!)

(另外注意:“住”在纽约可没有持续到现在哟!)

We had learned 1000 words by the end of last term.

到上学期末位置,我们已经学了1000个词了。

(“上学期期末”已过去,而是在此前“学”就更过去了!,即过去的过去)

2.现在完成进行时 (have/has + been + 现在分词)

1)现在完成进行时指动作发生在过去一直持续到现在还有可能继续进行下去,强调动作持续的过程。

Her eyes are red. She has been crying. 她眼睛红了,她一直在哭。

He's been watching television all day. 他看了一天电视了。

2)现在完成进行时一般不用于被动语态,如果需要,可用现在完成时的被动语态代替。

The house has been painted for a month. 这房子已漆了一个月。

The problem has been studied for five days. 这个问题已研究了五天。

IV. 现在完成时的被动语态

现在完成时的被动语态表示动作发生在过去, 到现在已经完成或对现在仍有影响, 其构成是: have/has been + done。

补充:过去完成时的被动语态的构成:had been +done

The dirty clothes have been washed.

脏衣服都已经洗了。

The plan has been studied by the experts for three times.

这项计划已经由专家研究过三次了。

The child has been taken care of by Grandma Wang all these years.

这些年来,这个小孩一直由王奶奶照料。

温馨提示:

注意现在完成时被动态和现在完成进行时形式上的区分,两者结构的区别在最后的动词上,被动态接的是过去分词形式,现在完成进行时接的是现在分词(动词-ing)形式。

The book has been translated into many languages.

这本书已被译成多种语言。

Your father has been translating the novel all this morning.

你父亲一上午都在翻译那篇小说。

使用现在完成时的被动语态的情况

1. 主语是行为动作的承受者。如:

The Temple of Zhang Fei has been rebuilt.

张飞庙已经过重建。

2. 说话时已经完成的动作或出现的结果。如:

The door has been locked.

门已经被锁上了。(我或别人现在进不去)

3. 动作或状态始于过去, 持续到现在, 并可能持续下去。如:

He has been told about it for many times.

有人告诉他这事很多次了。(可能还会有人告诉他)

4. 用在时间和条件状语从句中, 表示将来某时已完成的动作。如:

We’ll start as soon as the work has been finished.

工作一完成我们就立即动身。

注意:

1. 副词的位置

often, usually, always, never, hardly, seldom等副词置于have/has和been中间。

如:

[误] Such a man has been hardly believed.

[正] Such a man has hardly been believed.

2. 一些特殊动词, 如borrow, finish, begin, buy, start, return, marry, open, join等构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。若要表达相应的意思, 则需改换动词或时态。如:

My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.

How long has this book been bought?

How long ago was this book bought?

V. 不用被动语态的情况

1. 不及物动词和短语,尤其是表示“发生、进行”的动词,没有被动语态,如happen, last, take place, break out, e out, e about, e true, run out, give out, turn out等。

After the fire, nothing remained. 那场大火之后,什么也没留下来了。

How do the newspapers e out? 这些报纸是如何出现的呢?

The storm has lasted for three hours. 暴雨已经持续了三个钟头了。

2. 有的及物动词或短语也没有被动语态,如cost, leave, enter, reach, suit, have, wish, hold, own, lack, fit, resemble, jump, mind,agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, walk into, belong to等。

She entered the room just now. 他刚才进过房间。

Tom jumped the queue. 汤姆插队。

I don’t agree with him. 我不同意他的看法。

3. 有些动词如break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当用来描述主语的特征时,常看成不及物动词,用主动语态,这时主语通常是物。

This kind of cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。

The book sells well. 这本书卖得不错。

The window won’t open. 窗子打不开了。

This shirt will wear very long. 这衬衫可以穿很久。

This cheese doesn’t cut easily. It’s too soft. 这乳酪不容易切,太软了。

4. 系动词,如feel, sound, taste, look, feel等没有被动形式。

Your reason sounds reasonable. 你的理由听起来很合理。

Silk feels soft and smooth. 绸子摸起来柔软光滑。

5. 宾语是反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语、不定式、v-ing形式及抽象名词等,都不

能变为被动句子的主语,如:

I taught myself French. 我自学法语。

They love each other. 他们相爱。

We live a happy life. 我们过着幸福的生活。

VI. 非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义

1.在need,want,require, bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。

The house needs repairing(=to be repaired).这房子需要修理。

2.形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。

The book is well worth reading.(=The book is very worthy to be read.)

这本书值得一读。

(2016 北京高考) Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward,the risk seems worth taking.

有时我们认定一点多余的危险是值得的,因为我们衡量所冒的险和得到的回报时,危险似乎值得去冒的。(take a risk 冒风险)

3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系,但句中另一名词或代词是此动作的施行者时,不定式用主动形式。

I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do与things是动宾关系,I做to do的动作。)

今天下午我有许多事要做。

4. 在某些“形容词+不定式”作表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。

This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作to work out省略了for me)

这个题很难做出来。

5.在too… to…结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式。

This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 这本书太贵,我不能买。

6. 在be to do结构中下列动词rent, blame, let常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。

Who is to blame for starting the fire? 谁应该为引起火灾而受到责备?

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