I. Choose the best answer.
1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
__________
A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community
2.Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language
— A nice day, isn’t it
— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.
A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal
3.__________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’sknowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.
A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole
4.__________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.
A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics
C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguistics
5. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.
A. Psycholinguistics linguistics
C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics
6. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.
A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice
7. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).
A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme
8. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.
A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones
9. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as
__________.
A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula
10. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.
A. wide B. closing C. narrow D. centering
11. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.
A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D. allophones
12. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds
A. Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics
C. Auditory phonetics D. None of the above
13. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation
A. [n] B. [m] C. [ b ] D. [p]
14. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels
A. [i:] B. [ u ] C. [e] D. [ i ]
15. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating
A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. Consonant
16. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.
A. lexical words B. grammatical words
C. function words D. form words
17. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.
A. inflectional B. free C. bound D. derivational
18. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.
A. three B. four C. five D. six
19. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.
A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes D. stems
20. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.
A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. infix D. back-formation
21. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.
A. affixation B. back-formation C. insertion D. addition
22. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.
A. acronymy B. clipping C. initialism D. blending
23. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.
A. blending B. clipping C. back-formation D. acronymy
24. The stem of disagreements is __________.
A. agreement B. agree C. disagree D. disagreement
25. All of them are meaningful except for __________.
A. lexeme B. phoneme C. morpheme D. allomorph
26. The sentence structure is ________.
A. only linear B. only hierarchical
C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical
27. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite
28. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.
A. lexical B. morphological C. linguistic D. combinational
29. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical
30. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator
31. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional
32. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences
D. all of the above.
33. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.
A. the city B. Rome C. city D. the city Rome
34. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.
A. endocentric B. exocentric C. subordinate D. coordinate
35. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a __________ sentence.
A. simple B. coordinate C. compound D. complex
36. The naming theory is advanced by ________.
A. Plato B. Bloomfield C. Geoffrey Leech D. Firth
37. “Can I borrow your bike”_______ “You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with
C. entails D. presupposes
38. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis
C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis
39. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.
A. gradable antonyms B. relational antonyms
C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above
40. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
A. Reference B. Concept C. Semantics D. Sense
41. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
A. Polysemy B. Synonymy C. Homonymy D. Hyponymy
42. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.
A. homonyms B. polysemies C. hyponyms D. synonyms
43. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.
A. reference B. speech act C. practical usage D. context
44. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.
A. pragmatic B. grammatical C. mental D. conceptual
45. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.
A. constative B. directive C. utterance D. expressive
46. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.
A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century B. in the early 1950’s
C. in the late 1960’s D. in the early 21st century
47. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. A locutionary act B. An illocutionary act
C. A perlocutionary act D. A performative act
48. _____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of
words and the rules by which words are formed.
49. A. SyntaxB. Grammar C. MorphologyD. Morpheme
50. _____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of lang
uage by the linguists.
A. WordsB. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences
51. “-s” in the word “books” is_______.
52. A. a derivative affixB. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root
53.Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ___ affix ____ and __bound root________.
54. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
55. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
A. Polysemy B. Synonymy C. Homonymy D. Hyponymy
56. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.
A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions
C. semantic rules D. semantic features
57. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.
A. reference B. speech act C. practical usage D. context
58.A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.
A. pragmatic B. grammatical C. mental D. conceptual
59. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.
A. constative B. directive C. utterance D. expressive
60. Which of the following is true
A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.
B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.
C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.
D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.
65. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.
A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century B. in the early 1950’s
C. in the late 1960’s D. in the early 21st century
66. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. A locutionary act B. An illocutionary act
C. A perlocutionary act D. A performative act
67. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.
A. to get the hearer to do something
B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the case
C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action
D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs
68. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.
A. in their illocutionary acts B. in their intentions expressed
C. in their strength or force D. in their effect brought about
69. __________ is advanced by Paul Grice
A. Cooperative Principle B. Politeness Principle
C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar D. Adjacency Principle
70. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.
A. impoliteness B. contradictions
C. mutual understanding D. conversational implicatures
71.The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is __________..
A. Firth B. Saussure C. Halliday D. Chomsky
72.The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of __________.
A. function B. meaning C. signs D. system
73.The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is __________.
A. Boas B. Sapir C. Bloomfield D. Harris
74.Generally speaking, the __________ specifies whether a certain tagmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.
A. Slot B. Class C. Role D. Cohesion
75. __________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages.
A. Traditional B. Structural C. Functional D. Generative
76. __________ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb in the late 1950s and the early 1960s.
A. Stratificational B. Case C. Relational D. Montague
77. In Halliday’s view, the __________ function is the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.
A. personal B. heuristic C. imaginative D. informative
78. The rheme in the sentence “On it stood Jane” is __________.
A. On it B. stood C. On it stood D. Jane
79.Chomsky follows __________ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.
A. empiricism B. behaviorism C. relationalism D. mentalism
80. TG grammar has seen __________ stages of development.
A. three B. four C. five D. six
II. Explain the following terms, using examples.
1. linguistics
2. competence
Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.
3. Synchronic linguistics
Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.
4. Sound assimilation
Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.
5. Allomorph
Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.
6. phonology
7. Syntax
Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to
form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.
8. referential theory
9. Performative
Performative: In speech act theory an utterance which performs an act, such as Watch out (= a warning).
10. Locutionary act
Locutionary act: A locutionary act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood.
11. phonetics
12. Complementary distribution
Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.
13. displacement
14. sociolinguistics
sociolinguistics: Defined in its broadest way, sociolinguistics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, is the study of language in relation to society. It is concerned with language variation, language use, the impact of extra-linguistic factors on language use, etc.
15 Phoneme
20 assimilation
21 synonymy
22 semantics
III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.
1. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound. T
2. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T
3. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop. F
4. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. F
5. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations. F
6. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. F
7. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. F
8. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb. T
9. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge. F
10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional. T
11. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. F
12. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. T
13. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. T
14. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the
abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. T
15. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. F
16. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent. F
17. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences F
18. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle. F
made the distinction between a constative and a performative. T
20. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language. F
21. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history. F
22. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. F
23. Only human beings are able to communicate. F
24. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in
the early 20th century, was a French linguist. F
IV. Fill in the blanks.
1.Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __ verbal _communication.
2.Saussure put forward two important concepts. ___ _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
3.Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is metalingual function .
4.The description of a language as it changes through time is a _ diachronic linguistic__. ___ study.
5.Consonant sounds can be either ___ voiced. ______ or __ voiceless _ ___, while all vowel sounds are voiced.
6.Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __ friction ___.
7.The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __ tongue ________ and the lips.
English there are a number of _ diphthongs ___, which are produced by
moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.
9. Phonemes is the smallest linguistic unit.
10.Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __ air stream __ coming from the lungs.
11.Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with _ vocabulary .
12.All words may be said to contain a root ___ morpheme _.
13.Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _ morpheme level.
14.A word formed by derivation is called a _ derivative _ __, and a word formed by compounding is called a ___ compound _ .
15.A ___ simple __ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.
16. A __ subject __ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that
usually precedes the predicate.
17.A __ complex _ __ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.
18.In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an _ embedded _ clause. 19.Major lexical categories are __ open _ __ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.
20.The theory of _ _ Case ____ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
21. __ Semantics ___ can be defined as the study of meaning.
22.The conceptualist view holds that there is no __ direct ____ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.
23. Reference ___ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
24. Words that are close in meaning are called __ synonyms __.
25. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called homophones .
26. The Prague School practiced a special style of __ synchronic ________ Linguistics.
27. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between __ phonetics ________ and phonology.
28. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was ___ J. R. Firth _______.
29. Halliday’s Systemic Grammar contains a functional component, and the theory behind his Functional Grammar is __ systemic ________.
30. Systemic-Functional Grammar is a(n) __ sociologically ________ oriented functional linguistic approach.
31. Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be defined not in terms of meaning but in terms of ___ distribution _______.
32. In the history of American linguistics, the period between 1933 and 1950 is also known as __ Bloomfieldian ________ Age.
33. ___ Descriptivism _______ in language theories is characteristic of America.
34. The starting point of Chomsky’s TG grammar is his ___ innateness _______ hypothesis.
35. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of three elements, that is a ___ hypothesis-maker _______, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.
V. Give the description of the following consonants and vowels in English
[p] [b] [s] [z] [d] [k] [l] [t] [m] [h] [g] [j]
[u:] [ e ] [ : ] [ i: ] [: ] [] [: ] [ɑ: ]
VI. Draw a tree diagram of the following sentences.
1. The boy ate the apple.
2. Mother gave a doll to my sister.
3. Mother gave my sister a doll
4. I read a interesting book.
VII. Answer the following questions.
1. The following conversational fragments is to some degree odd. To what extent can the oddness be explained by reference to Grice’s CP and what extent can the oddness be explained by reference to Grice’s CP and maxims
A: When is the bus coming
B: There has been an accident further up the road.
Yes, B is cooperative. On the face of it, B’s statement is not an answer to A’s question. B doesn’t say “when.” However, A will immediately interpret the statement as meaning “I don’t know” or “I am not sure.” Just assume that B is being “relevant” and “informative.” Given that B’s answer contains relevant information, A can work out that “an accident further up the road” conventionally involves “traffic jam,” and “traffic jam” preludes “bus coming.” Thus, B’s answer is not simply a statement of “when the bus comes”; it contains an implicature concerning “when the bus comes.”
2. Explain the following remarks with examples or make some comments. “Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with meaning, but the difference between them can be traced to two different uses of the verb mean: (a) What does X mean (b) What did you mean by X”
Pragmatics is the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationships between sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used. Pragmatics includes the study of
(1) How the interpretation and use of utterances depends on knowledge of the real world;
(2) How speakers use and understand speech acts;
(3) How the structure of sentences is influenced by the relationship between the speaker and the hearer.
Pragmatics is sometimes contrasted with semantics, which deals with meaning without reference to the users and communicative functions of sentences.
3. Can you make a brief introduction to some important schools and their influential representatives in modern linguistics
4. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language What are they
5. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction
An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.
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