2019年上海高三英语二模-Summary-有答案

2019黄浦二模

Desertification

Desertification is one of the world’s most alarming processes of environmental degradation （退化）. The issue is often unclear, however, by a common misperception: that it’s a “natural” problem of advancing deserts in faraway developing countries. In fact, desertification is about land degradation: the loss of the land’s biological productivity, caused by man-made factors and climate change.

Each year, desertification and drought cause an estimated $42 billion in lost agricultural production. The risks of desertification are sufficient and clear. It contributes to food insecurity, hunger and poverty, and can give rise to social, economic and political tensions that can cause conflicts, further poverty and land degradation. The great urgency of this challenge led the United Nations General Assembly to state 2006 to be the International Year of Deserts and Desertification (IYDD). It is a strong reminder of the urgent need to address the far-reaching implications of this problem. United Nations General Secretary recently summarizes in this way: “I look forward to working with Governments, civil sociery, the private section, international organizations and others to focus attention on this crucial issue, and to reverse the trend of desertification and set the world on a safer, more sustainable path of development.

The IYDD also presents a golden opportunity to get the message across strongly and effectively that desertification is a global problem which we ignore at our risk. It is important to recognize that dry-lands are home to some of the most magnificent ecosystems of this world. These unique natural habitats have been home to some of the world’s oldest civilizations. They stand like open-air museums, bearing witness to bygone eras. The Year will therefore also celebrate the delicate beauty and unique inheritance of the world’s deserts.

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2019年上海高三英语二模-Summary-有答案

2019嘉定二模

An international team of researchers found employees who endure what is known as “abusive supervision” are more likely to behave poorly on purpose by messing up tasks, arriving late, taking long breaks and putting in minimal effort.

The authors of the study, published in the Journal of Management, sought to answer why horrible bosses make employees less willing to show what is known as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), or commitment to the company outside of their contractual obligations. That could include helping colleagues or volunteering for unusual work hours. They also assessed its effect on a worker’s tendency to harm the organization, by displaying counterproductive（反作用的）work behavior (CWB)

To find out more, and uncover which negative outcome bullying （欺凌）behavior is more likely to cause, researchers from Southwestern University of Finance and Economics in China, Renmin University of China and Swinburne University of Technology in Australia cooperated and analyzed 427 existing studies. They found workers acted out either because they felt they were being treated unfairly in the workplace, or felt stressed and this affected their ability to perform as expected. An employee who felt they were a victim of injustice tender more towards reluctance to show OCB. Stressed workers, meanwhile, were more associated with CWB.

Employers who worried supervisors are affecting productivity can take steps to ease issues by regularly training managers, introducing policies which cope with workplace injustices and helping workers to deal with stress.

This is not the first study to suggest unkind practices can affect the well-being of workers. The paper follows a study published in the European Heart Journal last year, which showed employees who suffer bullying are more likely to develop heart diseases than those who aren’t.

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2019年上海高三英语二模-Summary-有答案

Bullying and violence are common at workplaces and those exposed to these stressors are at higher risk.

2019长宁二模

Holding Parents Responsible—An Unfair Punishment

The rise in teen crime suggests that some parents are failing at their parental tasks. To correct the problem, lawmakers in some states require parents to serve jail time. They hope that this punishment will motivate parents to take their responsibilities seriously.

Despite public support for parental responsibility laws, many people think that the laws are unfair. They suggest that parents should not be punished for the criminal acts of their children, unless it can be shown there is a related fault on the parents’ part. For example, if young teenagers are arrested for drinking alcohol supplied by parents, then parents should be held responsible because they helped the teenagers break the law. People who oppose parental responsibility laws also believe that punishing parents is unlikely to create a change in the kids’ behavior. These people argue that parents may not be at fault. The children of good parents can fall in with the

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2019年上海高三英语二模-Summary-有答案

wrong kids and get into trouble, they say. Worse yet, if mom is in jail, there may be no one at all to control her kid. That lack of control may then lead to more crime.

The unfortunate fact is that jailing a mom or dad punishes the rest of the family. The jailed parent cannot work to help feed the family or pay the rent. A parent who is sent to jail for the crimes of a teenager may also be fired from a job for missing too much work. Furthermore, little evidence exists to support the idea that the threat of punishment improves a parents' ability to control a teenager. The problem is that some teens cannot be controlled by their parents, even if the parents try hard to control them. These struggling parents are not ignoring their parental responsibilities. Opponents of parental responsibility laws say that parents who are in this situation need help, not a jail sentence.

2019-杨浦二模

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2019年上海高三英语二模-Summary-有答案

After you have a long day at school or work, getting a bit of shut-eye on the way home is sometimes just what the doctor ordered. But sleeping too long and ending up way past your destination is a real possibility. According to research from sleep specialists in the US, there are several possible explanations for being able to nap during a train or bus ride and still get off at the right stop.

One theory states that some people have established sleep pattern that allow them to sleep and wake up at precisely the same time each day. That means their body knows when to wake up and get off the train. Another theory is that people are more likely to recognize the name of their stop, so their brain wakes them up when they hear it announced. Alternatively, those who can effectively sleep on the train might actually be waking up at every stop, but not long enough to become conscious until they know they've reached the right place.

These short naps might work for those who are really exhausted, for even a brief rest has the benefit of reducing stress and helping you relax a little. But if you are travelling really far each day, chances are that you will reach rapid eye movement (REM) sleep cycles. According to Dr. Marc Leavey, who has studied this skill, \"You're more likely to be tired or disoriented when you wake up from these dreams, so if you're sleeping for longer than 20 minutes, you may find it harder to wake up out of this dream state. If you're in a deep REM sleep, you're more likely to miss your stop or sleep through it.” Not everyone can do it, but some people can run their sleep cycle like clockwork and take a nap on public transportation.

Sleep experts are trying to explain why people can nap without missing the stop. Besides fixed sleep pattern and the ability to recognize station names, people don’t become fully awake before they reach the destination. While naps relieve stress and are relaxing, experts warn of possibility of missing the stop if the nap is longer than 20 minutes.

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2019年上海高三英语二模-Summary-有答案

Should some books be banned from school libraries?

Are there Harry Potter books in your school library? Many kids all over the world are reading J. K. Rowling's books in school. But some parents think their children shouldn't be able to find those and other books in school libraries. Should school libraries keep books that some parents don't approve of? Should they take those books off the shelves? All over the country, schools are wrestling with those questions.

2019-徐汇二模

It’s true that some hold their argument that some books should be banned from school libraries! \"We need certain limits,\" said one student in Denver, Colorado. He said some books have no place in school libraries. Many people believe that books that contain violence or bad words shouldn't be in schools. Some people want the Harry Potter books removed because they contain talk about wizards and magic.

Most parents know what's good for kids. They have a right to decide which books should or should not be in school libraries.

Books should meet certain standards before they are put in schools. Is this a good book for kids to read? Is it full of violence? Does it contain bad words or ideas kids shouldn't learn about?

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2019年上海高三英语二模-Summary-有答案

If a book is not good for all kids, it should not be in a school library. Most parents don't have time to find out everything their kids read. They should be able to trust schools to do that for them. On the other hand, some believe that books should not be banned from school libraries! \"Parents should decide what their own kids read,\" said Natalie Nicol, of Denver, Colorado. But other parents shouldn't make that choice for them. Many experts say that it's the parents' job, not the school's job, to check out what their kids are reading. If they don't like a book, they should not let their kids read it.

Why should a few parents stop kids from reading stories like the Harry Potter series? Kids should be able to check out books their parents think are OK to read. Many schools let kids borrow certain books if they have a signed paper from a parent. That works fine. A parent doesn't sign the paper if he or she doesn't want the child to read the book. Other kids can read the books if they have permission.

Some books are not OK for all kids to read. But if more adults were careful about what their own kids read, they wouldn't have to ban books from the library.

Schools are troubled by the problem whether certain books should be banned from their libraries. Some argue that those books with violence or bad words in should be banned and certain standards in judging books is essential. Others believe that it is parents’ responsibility, instead of schools’, to decide whether their kids are permitted to read certain books or not.

2019-青浦二模

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2019年上海高三英语二模-Summary-有答案

Could you be flexitarian?

What kind of food do you eat? Are you conscious of the types of food you consume? Although there is research on the right diet to follow to help us maintain a healthy lifestyle — but it’s hard to know which one to pick and, once chosen, it’s harder still to stick to it. And now there’s another choice for you.

A flexitarian diet involves eating plant-based foods and only occasionally eating meat and fish. This is a lovely alternative to being a vegetarian by not completely resisting meat.

This eating style allows you to supplement some ingredients that you wouldn’t get in a stricter vegan (纯素) diet. And like veganism, flexitarianism isn’t about eating carefully to help you lose a few pounds — it’s something people choose for ethical reasons, to help the planet. And a study into the global food system and how it affects the climate, has found that eating mainly plant-based foods is one of three key steps towards a sustainable future for all.

This research found that food waste will need to be halved and farming practices will also have to improve to achieve this. But without a single solution, a combined approach is needed. Dr. Marco Springmann, one of the lead authors of the report argued “We really found that a combination of measures would be needed to stay within environmental limits and those include changes towards healthier more plant-based diets.”

While vegans think it’s wrong for animals to be killed for food, flexitarians believe eating meat once in a while is acceptable. And Dr. Springmann agrees — as long as we “treat it as a luxury, it’s probably acceptable but you shouldn’t have more than one serving of red meat, which includes beef and pork, per week.” And here’s another fact to digest: If we moved to this type of diet, the study found that greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture would be cut by more than half.

To help maintain a healthy lifestyle, we need to keep a right diet, but choosing food is really hard. Unlike vegan diets, a flexitarian one, eating mainly plant-based foods and occasionally having meat, can be beneficial to the environment as well as our health. Of course, the amount of meat one takes should be limited. (55words) Version 2

Eating mainly plant-based foods is one measure taken to help the environment develop sustainably as well as help us keep a healthy lifestyle. Eating plant-based foods and only having meat occasionally is called a flexitarian diet. Compared with a vegan diet without any

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2019年上海高三英语二模-Summary-有答案

meat, a flexitarian one gives supplementary nutrition to vegetarians and helps address

agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. (59 words)

2019-普陀二模

China’s National Treasure

Pandas are in danger of extinction at present, with only 1,900 remaining in the world. The scientific name of the giant panda is actually called the cat bear, the number of which is very scarce. It is one of the most precious animals in the world and belongs to the protected animals at the national level. Its body color is black and white. Giant pandas are unique to China, very cute. The existing major habitats are in the surrounding mountainous areas such as Sichuan and Shanxi in China. The giant panda has a very powerful function: digesting bamboo. We all know that bamboo is mainly cellulose (纤维素), and most animals can’t digest it except giant pandas. The giant panda’s hometown is in the mountains southwest of China, green bamboos and springs everywhere. Therefore, the giant panda’s main food consists of bamboo and spring water.

Giant pandas are often referred to as living fossils. Hundreds of thousands of years ago, it was the peak period of giant pandas. This is of great scientific value for studying and protecting biodiversity and environmental changes on the earth. Long, long ago, the climate of the earth became colder and colder, many ice cubes formed on the earth; plants could not grow, and many animals were frozen or starved to death. The giant panda alone survived in the deep valleys of the mountains and became a treasure of the animal world. The giant panda still retains the characteristics of ancient animals. Therefore, the giant panda is not only popular with adults and children in

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2019年上海高三英语二模-Summary-有答案

terms of appearance, but also becomes a living fossil for biologists to study ancient creatures.

The status of giant pandas has been politicized. Giant pandas can be seen in almost all the major countries in the world. The giant panda has become a witness of friendship between China and foreign countries. For decades, wherever the giant panda goes, a panda whirlwind will blow. With its charmed figure and natural cuteness, the Chinese giant panda attracts numerous fans around the world, and at the same time plays the role of friendship ambassador in China’s foreign exchanges, becoming one of the most famous symbols in China.

The reasons why giant pandas become national treasures are as follows. First, giant pandas are scarce, becoming the most valuable animals in the world. Second, giant pandas are living fossils, having important scientific value in studying and protecting biodiversity and environmental changes on the earth. Finally, giant pandas have become a symbol of friendship between China and foreign people. (59 words)

2019虹口二模

What comes first: the optimism or the good health?

Optimism, defined as the general expectation that the future will be favorable, could provide ways to improve health, some researchers believe. But scientists remain unsure if optimism goes ahead of health improvements, or vice versa.

A recent study suggests that most people can’t help but to think optimistically. This study was conducted by Ed O’Brien, a social psychologist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. The findings suggest that people have a natural tendency to think positively about their future. Participants were asked to create a list of imaginary personal experiences that would make them happy or unhappy over the course of the next year. They then ranked how difficult it was to plan that list and how happy they believed they would be in the future overall. The easier it was for people to think of positive future experiences, the happier they imagined they would be. However, there was no relationship between easily developing negative future experiences and

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2019年上海高三英语二模-Summary-有答案

expecting to be unhappy as a result.

O’Brien concluded that people seem to discount the possibility that future negative events will make them happy overall, suggesting that optimism might come more naturally. “We’re not as used to thinking about the future in terms of things that are going to go wrong.” O’Brien’s study is one of many to find that people are consistently optimistic about their future, predicting pleasant experiences and discounting unpleasant ones. If optimism may lead to better health and people generally tend to think optimistically, what does this mean for the connection between mental and physical health? “If we can make sure that optimism comes before healthy states, we might be able to involve and improve people’s optimism,” Boehm explained. However, it’s difficult to determine what comes first: the optimism or the good health.

Despite the claim that optimism benefits fitness, scientists are uncertain. (要点1&2) O’Brien’s study indicates it’s human nature to expect a promising future. (要点 3) For instance, those with positive future plans were more likely to achieve happiness, yet those having/with negative ones didn’t expect unhappiness. (要点4) Above all, optimism may not necessarily precede good health. (要点5)

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2019年上海高三英语二模-Summary-有答案

2019崇明二模

Fujian Puppetry (木偶剧) in Need of Urgent Safeguarding

As one of the contributions of Chinese performing art to the world’s cultural heritage (遗产), Fujian puppetry has a long history. It has developed a set of characteristic techniques of performance and puppet making, as well as plays and music.

No final conclusions have yet been reached on the origins and evolution of Chinese puppetry. Dating from Shang dynasty, pottery figurines (陶俑) used as burial objects have been discovered at the Yin Ruins. In a Western Han tomb at Mawangdui in Changsha, Hunan Province, a number of wooden figurines have been unearthed. These were a great improvement on those from previous dynasties in terms of craftsmanship, variety and modeling. Over time, figurines as burial objects evolved into puppets for entertainment on festive occasions.

Chinese puppetry further developed during the Ming and Qing dynasties, with a bunch of schools spreading across the country. Puppet shows from various places had their own characteristics in terms of figure modeling.

In the past few decades, many traditional forms of art have seen a decline in popularity. In particular, Fujian puppetry finds itself in hot water. The number of young people learning puppetry has decreased due to socioeconomic changes to their lifestyles. The long period of training required to master the complicated performing techniques has also been a factor in the fall.

In response, concerned communities, groups and bearers laid down the 2008-2020 Strategy for the Training of Coming Generations of Fujian Puppetry Practitioners. The key objectives are to safeguard the promotion of Fujian Puppetry and to increase its sustainability through professional training to cultivate a new generation of puppetry practitioners; creation of teaching materials; construction of training institutes and exhibition halls; regional and international cooperation; and artistic exchange.

In 2012, the strategy was added to the Register of Good Safeguarding Practices by the UNESCO. With great efforts made by practitioners, local people and education institutions, Fujian Puppetry can expect a brighter future.

Fujian puppetry, a performing art, is a cultural heritage with a long history that may have originated from burial objects. However, it has become less popular these decades because of fewer young learners and the difficulty in mastering its techniques. Luckily, some people and organizations have realized its value and are making joint efforts to save it, including UNESCO. (59 words)

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2019年上海高三英语二模-Summary-有答案

档次 A B C D E F 2019宝山二模 内容 5 4 3 2 1 0 语言 5 4 3 2 1 0 Small businesses hold the key to employee happiness. As the calendar flips to another year, many employees will consider starting the new year on the hunt for a new job.

In today's changing workforce, it is more important than ever for companies to realize that a salary alone is no longer enough to attract or retain strong employees.

According to a survey by Aflac, small businesses deserve a round of applause for their ability to keep employees happy. The report found that 85 percent of small-business employees are happy in their current job, and more than half (51 percent) agree that most of or all of their happiness in their current job is a result of working for a small business.

Nearly a quarter of participants (23 percent) stated that the feeling of importance was the best part of working for a small business. Small businesses have the unique ability to make employees feel appreciated, respected and valued on a personal and professional level.

In a small-business environment, there are typically fewer layers between newcomers and leadership. This tight-knit structure can create a family-like atmosphere that allows employees to feel that their opinions matter and that they play a significant role in the business's mission. Flexibility is also vital in creating employee happiness. According to the report, 30 percent of respondents noted that flexible scheduling was the best part of working for a small business. A workplace that promotes healthy work-life balance can create happier, less stressed employees and can also increase productivity.

Although small businesses excel at keeping employees happy, there is always room for improvement. In a small-business community, money does not seem to be the only motivator. In fact, 65 percent of small-business employees indicate that an improvement in their benefits offerings would make them happier.

By offering a great benefits plan that includes voluntary benefits, small businesses can ensure that their employees are able to find the right benefits to meet their individual needs.

It is about how small businesses keep their employees happy. First, employees should be respected so that they can feel they’re important in a company. Second, flexible schedules are welcomed by employees, making them feel relaxed and produce better. Besides, good benefits offerings are motivators for employees, which can meet their individual needs respectively. 13 / 13