THE SILENT WAY 默⽰教學法(SW)歷史背景與淵源
SW是由Caleb Gattegno在觀察⼀位歐洲學者進⾏數學教學後研發出來的教學法。它最主要的學習理論包括了:
(1)學習者若能⾃⼰去察覺(discover)、發現、及創造(create) ,將遠⽐覆誦(repeat)、熟背(remember)來的好--- 普通的教學通常可分為講述模式(expository mode)和假設模式(hypothetical mode)。講述模式中所有的教學內容、型態、進度全權由教師來掌控,假設模式的教學則讓學⽣在實驗、摸索、嘗試中參與學習,加強了學習將度,增進內在的⾃信與成就感。Gattegno認為SW可以讓學習者獲得假設模式的上課效果;
(2)SW所使⽤的教具,如依顏⾊來分類的彩⾊⽊條(colored cuisenaire rods)和發⾳卡(Fidel pronunciation charts),是⼼理學中所說可以幫助學⽣學習和記憶的輔助媒介(associate mediator);
(3)SW採⽤實驗⼼理學中〝解決問題〞(problem-solving)的⽅法來進⾏語⾔教學,也就是教師不再多遍地重述教學內容,⽽要求學⽣專⼼主動地去觀察、摸索出L2的各層⾵貌。教學觀
Gattegno認為,語⾔為⼀結構性的組合體,所以教學上可以將發⾳、⽂法等元素加以抽離於社會情境下來介紹。這也就是為何他會採⽤彩⾊笨⼦等教具來進⾏教學的原因。此外,Gattegno也⾮常強調學習者要學好L2的兩⼤特質:
(1)沈默(silence)---沈默使學⽣能專注於所學的標的物上,進⽽產⽣組織、統合的能⼒。學習中常⾒的覆誦(repetition)反⽽會攪擾⼼思運作的狀態;
(2)意識狀態(awareness)---Gattegno⾮常重視⼼理學中〝如何學好學習〞(learning to learn)這⾨學問。他認為,意識狀態的發展要由注意⼒開始,然後才透過實驗、⾃我修正來達到融匯吸收的境界。這點也是SW有別於其他教學理論的最⼤特⾊。教材教法⼀、教學⽬標
SW旨在培養學⽣初級的聽⼒和⼝語能⼒,加強發⾳、語調的正確性,並使學⽣學得實⽤的⽂法觀念以及L2正確的學習⽅法。⼆、課程安排
SW依照⽂法難易度以及教學上視覺呈現的效果來安排課程。所以,祈使句型、名詞複數型、數⽬字、介係詞代名詞、⽐較級、數量詞、時間性量詞等⾮常容易⽤教具和教室場景來介紹的內容都會出現在初級的教材中。以下就簡單舉例SW的課程編排情況(Joel Wiskin, personal communication):Lesson Vocabulary
1. Wood color red wood, red, green, yellow, brown,pink, white, orange, black, color2. Using the number 1-10 one, two, three…..ten3. Wood color red two pieces.
4. Take (pick up ) wood color red two pieces. Take (pick up)5. Take wood color red two pieces give, object pronouns give him
6. Wood red where? Where, on, under, near, far over, Wood red on table. Next to, here, there7. Wood color red on table, is it? Question-forming rules.Yes, on. Yes. NO.Not on.
8. Wood color red long. Adjectives on comparison.Wood color green longer.Wood color orange longest9. Wood color green taller.Wood color red is it?
10. Review. Students use structures taught in new situation, such as comparing the heights of students in the class.下⾯⽰範如何⽤SW教泰國話的教案(Joel Wiskin, personal communication):
1. Teacher empties rods onto table.
2. Teacher picks up two or three rods of different colors, and after each rod is picked up says: [mai:].
3. Teacher holds up one rod of any color and indicates to a student that a response is required. Students say: [mai:]. Ifresponse is incorrect, teacher
elicits response from another student, who then models for the first student.4. Teacher next picks up a red rod and says: [mai sii daeng].5. Teacher picks up a green rod sand says: [mai sii khiaw].
6. Teacher picks up either a red or green rod and elicits response from student. If response is incorrect, procedure in step 3 isfollowed (student modeling).
7. Teacher introduces two or three other colors in the same manner.
8. Teacher shows any of the rods whose forms were taught previously and elicits student response. Correction technique isthrough student modeling, or the teacher may help student isolate error and self-correct.
9. When mastery is achieved, teacher puts one red rod in plain view and says: [mai sii daeng nung an].三、Teacher then puts two red rods in plain view and says: [mai sii daeng song an].11. Teacher places two green rods in view and says: [mai sii khiaw song an].12. Teacher holds up two rods of a different color and elicits student response.
13. Teacher introduces additional numbers, based on what the class can comfortably retain. Other colors might also beintroduced.
14. Rods are put in a pile. Teacher indicates, through his or her own actions, that rods should be picked up, and the correctutterance made. All the students in the group pick up rods and make utterances. Peer-group correction is encouraged.15. Teacher then says: [kep mai sii daeng songan].
16. Teacher indicates that a student should give the teacher the rods called for. Teacher ask other students in the class togive him or her the rods that he or she asks for. This is all done in the target language through unambiguous actions on thepart of the teacher.
17. Teacher now indicates that the students should give each other commands regarding the calling of rods. Rods are put atthe disposal of theclass.
18. Experimentation is encouraged. Teacher speaks only to correct an incorrect utterance, if no peer group correction is forthcoming.
英語教學⽅⾯實例如下(國⼩英語師資訓練⼿冊,p. 23-24,師德):步驟⼀牆上掛著⾳⾊對應圖表、拼字發⾳對應表及字彙表。
步驟⼆教師嘴⾏作發[ u]⾳,但不出聲。學⽣猜⾳,直到有⼈猜對[u],⽼師點頭,且指⾳⾊對應圖表上的綠⾊[u]符號。步驟三教師雙唇做發[b]⾳⼝型,但不出聲。學⽣猜⾳「媽」,「怕」等,直到有⼈猜「爸」,⽼師點頭,伸出兩指頭嘴型並作[ㄅ][ㄚ],學⽣說[ㄅ][ㄚ],⽼師指第⼀個指頭,學⽣說[ㄅ]([b]);⽼師點頭,對⾳⾊對應圖表上的深綠⾊[b]符號。
步驟四教師指著⿅的圖⽚,學⽣說「動物」⽼師搖頭;學⽣說「梅花⿅」,⽼師點頭,伸出三指頭,嘴型作「梅花⿅」,再指第三個指頭,學⽣說「⿅」,⽼師點頭。重複步驟3讓學⽣發([ㄌ][l]),⽼師指⾳⾊對應圖表上的藍⾊[l]。
步驟五⽼師回到⾳⾊對應圖表上的綠⾊[u]符號,學⽣念[u]⾳。⽼師再指拼字發⾳對應表的oo, ue, o等,嘴⾏作[u]⾳,讓學⽣明瞭[u]⾳以這些字母呈現。重複步驟5,[b]⾳拼成b, bb, be等,[l]⾳拼成l, ll, le, lle 等。
步驟六⽼師來回指拼字發⾳對應表與字彙表,讓學⽣欬blue,唸出⾳[blu]。⽼師指藍⾊⽊條(rod)、藍⾊⾐服、藍⾊卡⽚,要學⽣唸blue。
步驟七重複步驟,教red, yellow等顏⾊。
四、教師與學⽣的⾓⾊
SW的教學活動⾮常簡單。教師通常利⽤輔助媒介(教具)來⽰範L2中的字或句⼦,之後便藉由教具的不同組合搭配來引導學⽣說出所要求的字彙或句型。
以下分別介紹幾種SW中特殊的教具(國⼩英語師資訓練⼿冊,p. 22,師德):1. 彩⾊⽊條(Cuisenaire Rods):
⾧短不同的彩⾊⽊條提供學⽣情境來練習語⾔。例如教顏⾊、樹⽊、⾧短、位置(A red rod is on the table)、動作(Hold up two long rods)等。2. ⾳⾊對應圖表(sound-Color Chart)
⾳⾊對應圖表分上下兩部:上半部為母⾳、下半部為⼦⾳。每個⾳都有特定顏⾊,學⽣同時連結聲⾳符號與顏⾊三者,印象更深刻。例如[O]⾳為⽩⾊,[p]因為咖啡⾊等。3. 拼字發⾳對應表(Fidel Charts)
學⽣利⽤⾳⾊對應圖表上學得的母⾳和⼦⾳,來練習拼讀。同類的母⾳拼獨組合,或同類的⼦⾳拼獨組合,⽤同樣的顏⾊呈現。例如[u]的⾳有可能拼讀為oo, ue, o等,這些字母全為綠⾊。4. 字彙表(Word Charts)
利⽤拼字發⾳對應表,學⽣來拼獨⾃會。字母和顏⾊都與上述兩表對應,⼒⼊藍⾊發[b]⾳的b+紅⾊發[l]⾳的+灰⾊發[g]⾳的g,形成三⾊的big。字彙表共有⼗⼆張,教最常⾒的500個單字。五、教師與學⽣的⾓⾊
學⽣在最初的學習階段可能會有點摸不著頭緒,但漸漸地透過實驗和⾃我修正,最後可以達到⾃發學習的成功效果。在學習過程中,學⽣不僅要意識到⾃⼰的學習狀態,同時也要和同學互相討論修正、建議或解決問題。教師則盡量保持沈默,觀察、不主動⼲預的態度,教學時盡量以教具代替⼤量的⽂字敘述與說明,創造⼀個學⽣可以放膽嘗試、修正的學習環境。結論與反思
相較於ALM中教師的強勢主導作⾵以及嚴禁學⽣犯錯的⽅式,SW將學習環境轉換成⼀個可以讓學⽣有時間去咀嚼、反芻⽽後有⾃發表現的機會空間。這也給台灣普遍因為背負著升學率⽽求好⼼切的英語教師以及規劃英語課程的教育當局⼀些反思的空間:如何在費盡唇⾆講解⽂法規則以及讓學⽣透過練習討論合作學習中求取平衡點?當學⽣的學習陷⼊困難時,如何在〝進場⼲預〞和〝從旁引導〞中找到合適的教學定位?從⼼理語⾔學的研究中,我們知道幼兒在學習母與時雖有⽗母親友的〝技術指導〞,但這些求好⼼切的給欲政策並不會對幼兒最初的語⾔發展有⽴即的正⾯效果。他們仍然是按照⾃⼰所觀察得來的語⾔遊戲規則呀呀〝說話〞,然後經過⼀連串(可能是好幾年的功夫)的實驗與修正,最後才得以說的〝⼈模⼈樣〞。⾄於L2的學習者,雖然其後天條件上已經不能以〝時間〞來換取〝實
⼒〞,但若在課程的安排上可以多給學⽣⼀些安靜觀察(和傳統的〝⼤聲覆誦〞相反)以及熱烈參與的時間(如英語說故事⽐賽、話劇⽐賽、故事接⿓、脫⼝秀等),那怕初期真是錯誤⼀籮筐,但學⽣在親⾝體驗到〝語⾔〞(包括其所正在學習的標的語)就是〝⼒量〞後,⼀定會更有學習動機,進⽽提升⾃⼰的語⾔實⼒。
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