胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题
Chapter 7 Language, Culture and Society[注：第六章无测试题] I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.
A. Psycholinguistics B. Sociolinguistics C. Applied linguistics D. General linguistics
2. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its __________. A. use of words B. use of structures C. accent D. morphemes
3. __________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from. A. Regional variation B. Language variation C. Social variation D. Register variation
4. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language. A. Geographical barriers
B. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speech
C. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to change D. Social barriers
5. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries. A. Language interference B. Language changes C. Language planning D. Language transfer
6. _________ in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation. A. Regional variation B. Changes in emotions C. Variation in connotations D. Stylistic variation
7. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.
A. lingua franca B. register
C. Creole D. national language
8. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.
A. vernacular languages B. creoles C. pidgins D. sociolects
9. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background.
A. female; male B. male; female C. old; young D. young; old
10. A linguistic _______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.
A. slang B. euphemism C. jargon D. taboo
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.
12. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.
13. From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term “speech variety” can not be used to refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin.
14. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary.
15. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features. 16. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.
17. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.
18. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax. 19. Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.
20. The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting. III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech __________.
22. Speech __________ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.
23. From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a __________ variety of a language.
24. Language standardization is also called language __________.
25. Social variation gives rise to __________ which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background, etc.
26. __________ variation in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.
27. A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or __________ language of a country.
28. The standard language is a __________, socially prestigious dialect of language.
29. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or __________ languages. 30. A pidgin typically lacks in __________ morphemes. IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Lingua franca32. Regional dialect33. Register34. Sociolinguistics V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. Is American English superior to African English? Why or why not? （中国人民大学，2003） 36. If we take it as rule that language is intimately related to culture, then how do the kinship words, such as uncle and aunt, reflect the cultural differences between English and Chinese? （东北师范大学，2004） VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37.Explain the differences between registers and regional/social dialects. Give examples if necessary. （东北师范大学，2005） 答案I.1~5 BCAAC 6~10 DACADII.11~15 FTFFF 16~20 TFTFF
III.21. community 22. variety23. dialectal 24.planning25. sociolects 26. Stylistic27. official 28. superposed29. vernacular 30. inflectional
IV.31. Lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a common speech for social contact among groups of people who speaks different native languages or dialects.
32. Regional dialect: Regional dialect, also social or class dialect, is a speech variety spoken by the members of a particular group or stratum of a speech community.
33. Register: Register, also situational dialect, refers to the language variety appropriate for use in particular speech situations on which degrees of formality depends.
34. Sociolinguistics: Defined in its broadest way, sociolinguistics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, is the
study of language in relation to society. It is concerned with language variation, language use, the impact of extra-linguistic factors on language use, etc.
V.35.American English is not superior to African English. As different branches of English, African English and American English are equal. Similar as they are, they are influenced by their respective cultural context and thus form respective systems of pronunciation, words and even grammar.
36. In China, Chinese has a more strict and complex relationship system. So in Chinese there are a lot more kinship words than in English. VI.37.(Omit.)
Chapter 8 Language in Use
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.
A. reference B. speech act C. practical usage D. context
2. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation. A. pragmatic B. grammatical C. mental D. conceptual
3. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.
A. constative B. directive C. utterance D. expressive 4. Which of the following is true?
A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.
B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences. C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.
D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.
5. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________. A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century B. in the early 1950’s
C. in the late 1960’s D. in the early 21st century
6. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. A locutionary act B. An illocutionary act C. A perlocutionary act D. A performative act
7. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______. A. to get the hearer to do something
B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the case C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action
D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs
8. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________. A. in their illocutionary acts B. in their intentions expressed C. in their strength or force D. in their effect brought about 9. __________ is advanced by Paul Grice
A. Cooperative Principle B. Politeness Principle C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar D. Adjacency Principle
10. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise. A. impoliteness B. contradictions
C. mutual understanding D. conversational implicatures II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.
12. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use
was left unconsidered.
13. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.
14. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.
15. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent. 16. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable. 17. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences
18. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle. 19. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.
20. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. The notion of __________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
22. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an __________.
23. The meaning of a sentence is __________, and decontexualized.
24. __________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
25. __________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. 26. A(n) __________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
27. A(n) __________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.
28. A(n) _________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action. 29. A(n) ________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.
30. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of __________, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner. IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Conversational implicature32. Performative33. Locutionary act34. Q-principle (Horn) V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. Explain the following remarks with examples or make some comments.
“Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with meaning, but the difference between them can be traced to two different uses of the verb mean: (a) What does X mean? (b) What did you mean by X?” （东北师范大学，2006）
36. Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle. （南开大学，2004） A: When is the bus coming?
B: There has been an accident further up the road. VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37. What is the function of context in communication? Try to explain the following utterances rather than just state facts.(1) The room is messy.(2) It would be good if she had a green skirt on. Key:I.1~5 DBCBA 6~10 CBCADII.11~15 FTTFF 16~20 FFFTT
III.21. context 22. utterance 23. abstract 24. Constatives25. Performatives 26. locutionary 27. illocutionary 28. commissive 29. expressive 30. quantity
IV.31. Conversational implicature: In our daily life, speakers and listeners involved in conversation are generally cooperating with each other. In other words, when people are talking with each other, they must try to converse smoothly and successfully. In accepting speakers’ presuppositions, listeners have to assume that a speaker is not trying to mislead them. This sense of cooperation is simply one in which
people having a conversation are not normally assumed to be trying to confuse, trick, or withhold relevant information from one another. However, in real communication, the intention of the speaker is often not the literal meaning of what he or she says. The real intention implied in the words is called conversational implicature.
32. Performative: In speech act theory an utterance which performs an act, such as Watch out (= a warning).
33. Locutionary act: A locutionary act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood.
34. Horn’s Q-principle: (1) Make your contribution sufficient (cf. quantity); (2) Say as much as you can (given R).
V.35. Pragmatics is the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationships between sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used. Pragmatics includes the study of
(1) How the interpretation and use of utterances depends on knowledge of the real world; (2) How speakers use and understand speech acts;
(3) How the structure of sentences is influenced by the relationship between the speaker and the hearer. Pragmatics is sometimes contrasted with semantics, which deals with meaning without reference to the users and communicative functions of sentences.
36. Yes, B is cooperative. On the face of it, B’s statement is not an answer to A’s question. B doesn’t say “when.” However, A will immediately interpret the statement as meaning “I don’t know” or “I am not sure.” Just assume that B is being “relevant” and “informative.” Given that B’s answer contains relevant information, A can work out that “an accident further up the road” conventionally involves “traffic jam,” and “traffic jam” preludes “bus coming.” Thus, B’s answer is not simply a statement of “when the bus comes”; it contains an implicature concerning “when the bus comes.”
VI.37.It occurs before and / or after a word, a phrase or even a longer utterance or a text. The context often helps in understanding the particular meaning of the word, phrase, etc.
The context may also be the broader social situation in which a linguistic item is used. (1) a. A mild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room.
b. In a language class where a student made a mistake, for he intended to say “tidy.” c. The room was wanted for a meeting.
(2) a. A mild way to express disagreement with someone who has complimented on a lady’s appearance.
b. A regret that the customer had not taken the dress.
c. That she wore a red shirt was not in agreement with the custom on the occasion. Chapter 12 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is __________.. A. Firth B. Saussure C. Halliday D. Chomsky
2. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of __________.
A. function B. meaning C. signs D. system
3. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is __________. A. Boas B. Sapir C. Bloomfield D. Harris
4. Generally speaking, the __________ specifies whether a certain tagmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.
A. Slot B. Class C. Role D. Cohesion
5. __________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing
Indo-European languages.
A. Traditional B. Structural C. Functional D. Generative
6. __________ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb in the late 1950s and the early 1960s.
A. Stratificational B. Case C. Relational D. Montague
7. In Halliday’s view, the __________ function is the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.
A. personal B. heuristic C. imaginative D. informative 8. The rheme in the sentence “On it stood Jane” is __________. A. On it B. stood C. On it stood D. Jane
9. Chomsky follows __________ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology. A. empiricism B. behaviorism C. relationalism D. mentalism 10. TG grammar has seen __________ stages of development. A. three B. four C. five D. six II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Following Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole, Trubetzkoy argued that phonetics belonged to langue whereas phonology belonged to parole.
12. The subject-predicate distinction is the same as the theme and rheme contrast. 13. London School is also known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics.
14. According to Firth, a system is a set of mutually exclusive options that come into play at some point in a linguistic structure.
15. American Structuralism is a branch of diachronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.
16. The Standard Theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar. 17. American descriptive linguistics is empiricist and focuses on diversities of languages.
18. Chomsky’s concept of linguistic performance is similar to Saussure’s concept of parole, while his use of linguistic competence is somewhat different from Saussure’s langue.
19. Glossematics emphasizes the nature and status of linguistic theory and its relation to description. 20. If two sentences have exactly the same ideational and interpersonal functions, they would be the same in terms of textual coherence. III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. The Prague School practiced a special style of __________ Linguistics.
22. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between __________ and phonology.
23. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was __________.
24. Halliday’s Systemic Grammar contains a functional component, and the theory behind his Functional Grammar is __________.
25. Systemic-Functional Grammar is a(n) __________ oriented functional linguistic approach.
26. Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be defined not in terms of meaning but in terms of __________.
27. In the history of American linguistics, the period between 1933 and 1950 is also known as __________ Age.
28. __________ in language theories is characteristic of America.
29. The starting point of Chomsky’s TG grammar is his __________ hypothesis.
30. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of three elements, that is a __________, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%) 31. FSP 32. Cohesion33. LAD34. Case Grammar V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics?
36. What is behaviorism? What is behaviorism in linguistics? What is the relationship between linguistics and behaviorism according to Bloomfield? Does behaviorism have any limitations? If yes, what are they?
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37. Can you make a brief introduction to some important schools and their influential representatives in modern linguistics?
Key:I.1~5 BACAA 6~10 ABDCC II.11~15 FFTTF 16~20 FTTTF
III.21. synchronic 22. phonetics23. J. R. Firth 24. systemic25. sociologically 26. distribution27. Bloomfieldian 28. Descriptivism29. innateness 30. hypothesis-maker
IV.31. FSP: It stands for Functional Sentence Perspective. It is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances (or texts) in terms of the information they contain.
32. Cohesion: The Cohesion shows whether a certain tagmeme is dominating other tagmemes or is dominated by others.
33. LAD: LAD, that is Language Acquisition Device, is posited by Chomsky in the 1960s as a device effectively present in the minds of children by which a grammar of their native language is constructed. 34. Case Grammar: It is an approach that stresses the relationship of elements in a sentence. It is a type of generative grammar developed by C. J. Fillmore in the late 1960s. Chapter 7 Exercises for Language, Culture and Society I . Fill in the blanks.
1. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or_________ , language.
2. A speech _________ is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language.
3. Wherever the standard he’s). Black English can language can use a contraction (he + is _________ the form of “be”.
4.The _________ superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language.
5. A_________ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech communities.
6. A linguistic_________ refers to a word or the \"polite\" society from general use. 7. Taboo and _________ are two faces of the same communicative coin. 8. Whorf proposed that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on _________.
9. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the _________ attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.
10. An ethnic _______(dialect is spoken mainly by a less experienced privileged population that has experienced some sort of social isolation, such as_________ discrimination.
11. In terms of sociolinguistics, _________ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person's language.
12. In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, _________ inevitably results from the coming into cultures and different languages. (bilingualism) II. . Choose the best answer.
13. _________ are language varieties for use in particular speech situations. A. Slang B. Address terms C. Registers D. Education varieties
14. In sociolinguistics, _________ refers to situations typically constrained by a common set of behaviour rules.
A. domain B. . situation C. society D. community
15. _________ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.
A. A speech community B. A race
C. A society D. A country
16. _________ variation of language is the most discernible and definable in speech variation. A. Regional B. Social
C. Stylistic D. Idiolectal 17. _________ is not a typical example of official bilingualism. A. Canada B. Finland C. Belgium D. Germany
18. _________ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A. Lingua franca B. Creole
C. Pidgin D. Standard language
19. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __________ and vocabulary.
A. diglossia B. bilingualism C. pidginization D. blending
20. _________ is a causal use of language that nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, coinages and figures of speech.
A. Language taboo B. Slang
C. Address terms D. Register variety
21. _________ variety refers to speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.
A. Regional B. Social C. Stylistic D. Ideolectal
22. In a speech community people have something in common __________ a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.
A. socially B. linguistically C. culturally D. pragmatically
23. Probably the most wide-spread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language is_________. A. British English B. American English C. Black English D. Australian English
24. __________ in a language or a particular variety of language in a person's speech, or writing, usually ranges on a from casual to formal according to the type of communicative context. A. Regional variation B. American English C. Stylistic variation D. Ideolectal variation
II. . Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false[F]. In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same speech situations known as domains.
__________ 25. In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situation known as domains.
_________ 26. A regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety of that language.
_________ 27. The standardization of a particular dialect in relation to one or more vernaculars is the result of a deliberate governmental policy.
_________ 28. A pidgin is not a native language of a particular region.
_________ 29. When a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages concerned, he is converting one mode of thinking into the other.
_________ 30. Pidgins are rule-governed, like any human language.
_________31. According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speaker's perceptions deternune language and pattern their way of life. _________ 32. Diglossia is a universal phenomenon.
_________ 33. Diglossia refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.
_________ 34. The sentences \"He crazy\" and \"He be sick all the time\" are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English. _________ 35. Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.
_________ 36. There are words of more or less the same meaning used in different regional dialects. Explain the following terms.
37. Register 38. Pigin39. Slang 40. Communicative competence41. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 42 . Lingua franca43. Diglossia 44. Sociolect45. Sociolinguistics 46. Speech community47. Standard language 48: Speech variety questions. V. Answer the following questions.
49. What is the difference official language?
50. What distinction, if any, can you draw between standard language, national language KeysI . Fill in the blanks.
1. vernacular 2. community 3. delete 4. standard 5. creole 6. taboo
7. euphemism 8. language 9. social 10. racial 11. idiolect 12. bilingualism
II . Choose the best answer.13. C 14. A 15. A 16. A 17. D 18.C 19. C 20. B 21. A 22. B 23. C 24. D III. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [ F ] .
25. [F] They have a fairly clear functional differentiation, i. e. one language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.
26. [F] It is not justifiable to say that one variety of a language is better than any other.
27. [F] The standardization is not necessarily the result of a governmental policy, but of a historical and cultural tradition.
28. [T]29. [F] When a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages, he is making transitions between the two linguistic coding systems.
30. [Tl,31.[F] The true statement is \"According to the strong version of the Sapir¬Whorf hypothesis, language determines speaker's perceptions and patterns their way of life. 32. [F] Diglossia is not a universal phenomenon.
33. [F] Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.
34. [F] Only \"he crazy\" is acceptable in Black English vernacular because of copula deletion. 35. [T] 36. [T]
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