英语构词法(转)
掌握英语构词法是高中学生应该具备的一项基本技能。它对于帮助学生扩大词汇量,准确地推测文章中词汇的含义具有非常重要的意义。现就英语中常见的三种构词法加以总结说明。
一 . 转化:指由一种词性转化为另一种词性的构词形式。 1. 名词转化为动词: book ( n 书— v 预定);seat ( n 座位— v 使就位;落座);water ( n 水— v 浇水);shoulder ( n 肩膀— v 负责任) 2. 动词转化为名词: try ( v 尝试— n 尝试);look ( v 看— n 表情);swim ( v 游泳— n 游泳);dream ( v 做梦— n 梦) 3. 形容词转化为动词:
dirty ( adj 脏的— v 弄脏);slow ( adj 慢的— v 放慢;减慢);right ( adj 正确的— v 纠正);dry ( adj 干的— v 变干);free ( adj 自由的— v 解放;使自由);wrong ( adj 错误的— v 弄错;受委屈) 4. 形容词转化为名词:
dear ( adj 昂贵的— n 喜欢的人 / 物);quiet ( adj 寂静的— n 寂静);total ( adj 全部的— n 总数)
5. 其它词类的转化情况:
Our classroom faces south. ( south: n 南方;南面— adv 向南;朝南) 6. 当英语词汇转化时,转化后的词的读音常有变化。
二 . 合成:指由两个或两个以上本身有独立含义的词合在一起组成一个有具体意义的新词的构词形式。
1. 合成形容词的常见构词形式: ⑴数词 + 名词
a five - year plan (五年计划);first-class products (一级品);second-hand goods (二手货);a four-word (四字成语) ⑵数词 + 名词 +ed
a three - legged bench (三条腿的登子);a one - eyed camel (一只眼的骆驼) ⑶数词 + 名词 + 形容词
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a 20-year-old lady (一位 20 岁的女士);a 1,000-metre-long bridge (一座 1000 米长的桥)
⑷名词 + 现在分词
peace-loving (热爱和平的);meat-eating (食肉的);English-speaking (说英语的);history-making (创造历史的) ⑸名词 + 过去分词 heart-broken (伤心的);man-made (人造的);state-owned (国有的);water-covered (被水覆盖的)
⑹形容词 + 名词 +ed
absent-minded (漫不经心的);blue-eyed (蓝眼睛的);good-tempered (好脾气的);kind-hearted (和善的) ⑺形容词 + 现在分词
bad-looking (相貌丑陋的);fine-sounding (动听的);easy-going (容易相处的) ⑻形容词 + 名词 short-term (短期的);part-time (兼职的);high-class (高级的);large-scale (大规模的)
⑼副词 + 现在分词
hard-working (努力工作的);far-reaching (深远的);ever-lasting (永恒的) ⑽副词 + 过去分词
well-developed (高度发达的);well-known (著名的);well-trained (训练有素的) ⑾其他构词形式的合成形容词 all-round (全面的);face-to-face (面对面的);thank-you (感谢的);out-of-date (过时的)
2. 合成名词的常见构成形式: ①名词 + 名词 silkworm (蚕);footprint (脚印);newspaper (报纸);glasshouse (温室);bedroom (卧室)
②名词 + 动名词 handwriting (书法);sun-bathing (日光浴);sight-seeing (观光) ③形容词 + 名词 shorthand (速记);hotline (热线);blackboard (黑板) ④动名词 + 名词
waiting-room (候车室);sleeping-pill (安眠药);writing-desk (写字台);reading-room (阅览室)
⑤动词 + 名词
pickpocket (扒手);post office (邮局);playground (操场);break-water (防波堤)
⑥动词 + 副词
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get-together (联欢会);break-through (突破);take-off (起飞);lookout (岗哨) ⑦副词 + 动词 downfall (垮台);overthrow (推翻);outbreak (爆发);income (收入;所得) ⑧其他构成形式的合成名词 well-being (福利);good-for-nothing (无用之人);by-product (副产品);touch-me-not (含羞草);self-improvement (自我完善);self-criticism (自我批评)
注意:合成词如果出现复数形式时通常在其后加 -s 或 -es ,如 by-products, reading-rooms, 但应特别注意: passers-by, lookers-on 等词语是在其表达该词中心含义的词上加 -s 或 -es .
3. 合成动词及其他合成词类: overthrow (推翻);sleep-walk (梦游);undergo (经历);everything (一切);furthermore (而且);forever (永远);maybe (也许)
三 . 派生:指由一个词根加上前缀和(或)后缀构成另一个词的构词形式。
1. 前缀:一般而言,前缀只改变词的含意,并不改变词的词性,有些前缀如 en- , under- 等却使原词改变了词性,如 force ( n 力量)— enforce ( v 加强);rich ( adj 富有)— enrich ( v 使富裕);line ( n 线)— underline ( v 在……之下画线)。 ①表示否定意义的前缀,往往使原词变成它的反义词。 前缀 含义 词根 派生词
dis- 不 like (喜欢) dislike (不喜欢) un- 不 fair (公平) unfair (不公平) il- 不;无 legal (合法的) illegal (非法的)
in- 不;非 correct (正确的) incorrect (不正确的) im- 非 possible (可能的) impossible (不可能的) ir- 不;非 regular (规则的) irregular (不规则的) non- 无;非 smoker (烟民) non-smoker (不吸烟者) en- 使 courage (勇气) encourage (鼓励) fore- 前;预先 head (头) forehead (前额)
inter- 在……之间 national (国家的) international (国际的) kilo- 千 meter (米) kilometer (千米)
micro- 微量的;微小的computer (计算机) microcomputer (微机) mid- 在…中间 autumn (秋天) mid-autumn (中秋) mis- 错误地 understand (理解) misunderstand (误解)
over- 在…上,过分;超过 head (头) overhead (在头顶上的) re- 再;重;又 build (修建) rebuild (重建) seimi- 半 circle (圆) semicircle (半圆)
2. 后缀:通常情况下,后缀不但改变词,还改变词性,常见的后缀有动词后缀、副词后缀、形容词后缀和名词后缀。 ①动词后缀:
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后缀 含义 词根 派生词
-en 变得… wide (宽的) widen (加宽;变宽) -ify 使… beauty (美) beautify (使漂亮) -ize/ise 使… real(的) realize (实现) ②副词后缀:
后缀 含义 词根 派生词
-ly 在…状态中 happy (高兴;幸福) happily (高兴地;幸福地) -ward 朝…方向/地方 back (后) backward (向后;朝后) ③形容词后缀:
后缀 含义 词根 派生词
-able/-ible 可…的;能…的 comfort (舒服) comfortable (舒适的)
-al/-ial 属于…的;有…特点 practice (练习) practical (实际的;可行的) -ed 有…特性的 interest (兴趣) interested (感兴趣的)
-ful 充满…的 harm (伤害;损伤) harmful (有害的;致伤的) -ish 有…属性的 self (自己) selfish (自私的)
-ive 有…倾向的 create (创造) creative (创造性的) ④名词后缀:
后缀 含义 词根 派生词
-ance/-ence 指行为、状态 perform (表演) performance (演出;表演) -dom 指性质、状态 free (自由的) freedom (自由) -er/or 指人的身份 work (工作) worker (工人) -ess 指人的身份 host (招待;主持) hostess (女主人) -ese 表示国籍 China (中国) Chinese (中国人) -ian 指人的身份 music (音乐) musician (音乐家)
-ism 与主义有关的 social (社会的) socialism (社会主义)
1. able a. ability n. enable v. disabled a. disability n. 2. abnormal normal(反)
3. aboard (在船/车/飞机上=on board) abroad (在国外) board (木板) broad (宽阔的)
4. abolish v abolishment n
5. abrupt a abruptly ad abruptness n. 6. absent a absence n. 7. abundant –adequate-rich 8. accelerate v acceleration n.
9. accept v acceptance n acceptable a acquaint v acquaintance n
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10. access v&n accessible=available (availability n) 11. accident n accidental a (突发的,偶然的) accidentally 12. accomplish v accomplishment a
13. accountant 会计 accounting 会计业务,会计学 14. accumulate v. accumulation n
15. accurate=exact a accuracy=exactness n accurately adv 16. accuse v accusation the accused 被告 17. acknowledge v acknowledgement 18. acquire v acquisition
19. addicted a addiction n addictive a 20. adjust v adjustment n adjustable a 21. admire v admirable a admiration n
22. advertise v 做广告 advertising 做广告 advertisement 广告
an advertising firm 广告公司 23. advice n advise v.
24. affection n affectionate a affectionately ad 25. allocate v allocation n
26. amaze v amazing a amazed a amazement n 27. amuse v amusing a amused a amusement n 28. analyse v analysis n analytical a
29. anger v&n angry a hunger n hungry a 30. annual a annually ad yearly
31. anxious a anxiety n curious a curiosity n
32. appear v appearance n disappear v disappearance n
33. apply v applicant n (申请人)n application (申请/运用) home appliances(家用电器)
34. an approach to (doing) sth a way to do sth/of doing sth
a method of doing sth a means of doing sth 35. appropriate a inappropriate a
36. approve sth (批准,通过),approve of sth (同意),approval n disapprove disapproval
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37. rise(上升)/rose/risen arise(问题、矛盾在产生)/arose/arisen arouse (激发) one’s interest /curiosity 38. ashamed a shame n shameful a 39. aspect(方面) respect expect except 40. assistant v assistance n
41. assume v assumption n consume v consumption n 42. sure a surely adv ensure sth assure sb 43. attach v attachment n
44. attend v attendance n attention n attentive a attentively
45. be aware/ conscious /ignorant of unaware awareness unawareness unconscious consciousness unconsciousness ignorance 46. award sb for sth=give sb a award for sth (奖励) reward sb for sth = give sb a reward for sth(给报酬) in reward for= in return for (作为回报) in turn (相应地) 46. badly ill need money badly(非常地)
47. ban /prohibit/forbid/prevent/keep/stop/hold (sb back) sb from doing sth
48. bath n take a bath bathe v bathe oneself in the sun=be bathed in the sun 49. bear /stand /tolerate one’s doing sth put up with/ live with/ come to terms with 50. behave v behaviour n 51. benefit beneficial 52. betray v betrayal n 53. bitter a bitterness n
54. blame sb for sth =blame sth on sb sb be to blame for sth hold the blame for sth
55. blood bloody bleed v bleeding 56. breath breathe v breathless=out of breath
57. brilliant brilliance n diligent diligence elegant elegance 58. bury v burial n (burial service)
59. cancel doing sth=call off doing sth put off doing sth = postpone doing =delay doing 60. capable capability capacity able (enable v) ability possible possibly possibility
probable probably probability
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61. care careful carefully carefulness careless carelessly carelessness 62. casual casually casualty(伤员,遇难者) 63. catastrophe = disaster spell disaster/misfortune 64. cater to = appeal to appeal to sb to do
65. the cause of an accident the cause for one’s sorrow/anger/anxiety the reason for (one’s doing) sth
66. caution take caution be cautious with/ of
67. celebrate celebration in celebration of celebrity(名人) 68. certain certainly certainty n
69. change the changing world(变化着的世界) changeable weather(多变的天气)
changed conditions (改变了的环境) 70. character characteristic a characteristics n. 71. chemistry n chemical a chemist n 72. choose (chose, chosen) choice n
73. under no circumstance = in no case = in no way = by no means = on no account =
on no condition 句首倒装 74.circulate circulation
75. class (阶层,类别) classify v classification n clear n clarify pure purify
76. comfort n/v comforting a 令人安慰的 feel comforted a 感到安慰的
comfortable 令人舒适的
77. compare v comparison n contrast v/n
78. compete v competition n competitive a competitor n competence n
79. complete v/a completion n accomplish n accomplishment fulfill v fulfillment
80. compose v composer n composition n
81. concern n/v concerned a(担心的,忧虑的;与…有关的) concerning prep. 关于
82. confuse v confused a confusing a confusion n
83. consequence n consequent a consequently adv = as a consequence adv 84. consider v considerable a 相当大/多的 considerate 关心的,体贴的;考虑周全
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的 consideration n take sth into consideration= take sth into account 85. be consistent (a ) with = be in consistence (n)with 86. constant a constantly adv instant a instantly adv 87. contact 接触 contract合同 88. continue continuous a
89. convenient a convenience n convention n conventional a 90. convince v convincing a convinced a 91. correct correction corrupt corruption
92. cover discover uncover(揭开,使…曝光)
93. create creation n.(创造) creative a creatively adv creativity(创造力) 94. criticize v critical a ( at the critical moment) criticism n. 95. cruel a cruelty n.
96. curious a curiously adv curiosity n. 97. danger dangerous hunger hungry 98. dead deadly a 致命的 friendly a brotherly 99. decide v decision n. decisive a decisively adv 100. declare declaration decorate decoration 101. define vt 给…下定义 definition 定义
definite a 明确的,肯定的 definitely adv 确定地,绝对地 102. depart v 离开,分手 departure n.
103. depress vt 使消沉,使沮丧 depressed depression
104. destroy destroyed destroying destruction n destructive a 破坏性的 105. detect v(发现) detection detective n 侦探 106. devote vt devoted a devotion n
107. direct v&adj directly adv direction n方向 directions (产品)说明 indirect(反) 108. distance n distant a
109. donate v donation n donator n 110. diverse a diversity 多样性 111. doubt doubtful doubtfully
112. ease v&n 放松easy easily easiness n 容易 uneasy 不自在的
113. economy n economic 经济的 economical 经济的;节约的 economics 经济学
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114. embarrass embarrassing embarrassed embarrassment 115. elect election select selection
116. emphasize v emphasis n.(lay emphasis on )
analyse v analysis n. make an analysis of
117. employ v employee employer employment unemployment employed
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