1.增补(Addition) 总
in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what`s more, similarly, next, finally.
2.比较(Comparison)
in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as 3.对照(Contrast)
whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, on the contrary, while 4.因果(Cause and effect)
because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus 5.强调(Emphasis)
certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant 6.让步(Concession)
although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....
7.例证(Exemplification)
for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration. 8.总结(Conclusion)
to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary 9.推断(Inference)
therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise 10.时间和空间(Time and space)
afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of
英语写作中的起承转合
1)、启
A proverb says...... At present....... As the proverb says.... Currently..... Generally speaking, .... Now,.... In general, ..... On the Whole.... It is clear that.... Recently.....
It is often said that.... Without doubt, ....... 2)、承
First(of all), ...... Moreover, .........
Firstly, ............ No one can deny that.... In the first place, ......... Obviously..... To begin with, ......... Of course, ......... Also, ....... Similarly,.........
At the same time...... Therefore, we should realize that.....
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Certainly...... There is no doubt that....... In addition,..... What`s more, ..........
In fact........ It can be easily proved that... Meanwhile...... 3)、转
But... Still, ......
But the problem is not so simple...
There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to....... However,
....... To our surprise,..........
Nevertheless, ........ Unfortunately....... On the other hand, .......
Yet difference will be found and that is why I feel that........ Others may find this to be true, but I do not. I think..... 4)、合
Above all, In brief, ........
Accordingly, ..... In conclusion, ........ All in all, .......
In other words, it is hard to escape the conclusion that........ As a consequence, ......... In short, ......... As I have shown/said/stated/.... In sum, ........ In summary, ....... As has been noted, .... Obviously, ......... By so doing, ..... On the whole, ..... Consequently, ........ Presumably, ....... Eventually, ......... To conclude, ...... Finally, ........ To sum up, ..... In a word, ......
To summarize, ......
汉语和英语两种语言之间最基本的区别在于句法方面。英语重形合
(hypotaxis)，句中各意群、成分都用适当的连接词 (connective)、介词 (preposition)、非限定性动词短语 (phrase)或从句 (clause)等来表达其相互关系，因而结构严谨但缺乏弹性；而汉语句法则重意合(parataxis)，句中各意群、成分通过内在的联系贯穿在一起，不一定或很少用连接词、介词，也没有非限定性动词短语或从句，因此结构松散，但富于弹性，从句子整体来看，意义清楚，不会产生误解。 今天，我们就来分门别类地介绍一些英语词类中最容易掌握，而且必须掌握的连接词。
Chronological (temporal) sequence 顺序
At first, first, firstly, second, secondly, then, next, eventually, in the end, lastly, later, subsequently, at the same time, simultaneously, afterwards, finally, last but not least
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Additive 补充 And, in addition, moreover, besides, above all, further, furthermore, not only … but also, what is more, in the same way
Comparison 比较 Likewise, equally, similarly, in comparison, correspondingly, in the same way
Comparison / Contrastive 比较 / 对比
But, however, whereas, conversely, in contrast, unlike, on the contrary, on the other hand, yet
Concessive 让步
However, nevertheless, even though, still, yet Expressing an alternative 提出可选项
Alternatively, on the other hand, rather
Causal (result/consequence) 因果
Consequently, so, accordingly, as a result, for this reason, hence, thus, owing to this/that, due to this/that, because of this/that, therefore, with this in mind, under these circumstances
Example / illustration 举例
For example, that is, such as, for instance, thus, as follows, the following, in this case
Explanation / rephrasing 解释
That is to say, in other words, namely, this means, to put it in another way, to put it simply
Thematising/starting a new point 提出新观点
With regard to, in regard to, with reference to, turning to, as for…, as far as… is concerned
Generalisation / hedging 模糊限制语
Generally, in general, on the whole, in most cases, normally, as a rule, in most cases, usually, for the most part
Interpersonal （情感）交际
Fortunately, unfortunately, certainly, luckily, needless to say, strangely enough
Emphasis/highlighting 强调
Mainly, especially, notably, in particular, particularly, clearly then
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Conclusion 总结
In conclusion, to conclude, finally, to sum up, in brief, therefore Condition/deduction 条件
Otherwise, under the circumstances, if so, if not, in that case, otherwise
（一) 连接词
（1）表选择关系或对等关系的连接词：either…or…，neither…nor, or, as well as…, and, both…and…。
（2）表因果关系或对等关系的连接词：therefore, so, as a result, as the result of …，because of, due to …,owing to, thanks to等。 （3）表时间顺序的连接词：the moment, as soon as, at first, then, later, meanwhyle, at the beginning, in the end, before long, for the first（second…）time, the minute等。
（4）表转折关系的连接词：yet, and yet, but , while, on the contrary, on the other hand, however, at the same time（然而）等。 （5）表解释说明的连接词：that is, that is to say, in other words, such as, for instance, and so on, etc. and the like等。
（6）表递进关系的连接词：not only…but (also), what，s more, what's worse, besides, in addition, worse still, moreover, above all等。 （7）表示总结的连接词：in a word, on the whole, in short, briefly, in brief, to sum up, in all等。
(二)、常用句型
1、be worth doing 值得做…… 2、be busy doing 忙着做…… 3、too…to do 太……而不能做…… 4、so+adj./adv. as to do 如……以致于做
5、It takes sb. some time to do sth. 花某人……时间做某事 6、sb.spends some time doing sth. 某人花……时间做某事 7、It is+adj.+for sb. to do sth. 某人做某事是…… 8、It's up to sb. to do sth. 应由某人做某事
9、sb. have some difficulty/ trouble in doing sth. 某人做某事很费劲 10、The more…the more… 越……越……
11、It's no good/use doing sth. 做某事没好处/用处。
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12、sb.can do nothing but do sth.=have no choice but to do 别无他法，只能做某事 13、There be/lie/stand/live… 有……
14、be about to do sth. when… 正要做某事这时…… 15、It was not long before… 不久就…… It will not be long before… 要不了多久就…… 16、It is+一段时间+since… 自……以来，有……时间了 17、It is said that… 据说…… 18、not…until/till… 直到……才 19、祈使句+and/or+分句（将来时）
20、主语+find/consider/think+it+形容词或名词+不定式 21、so+adj./adv.+that 如此……以致于 such+n.+that…
22、why not do sth 为什么不做……呢？ why do sth. 为何做……？
23、主语+hit/strike/beat/touch/grasp/seize/catch…+sb.介词+the+表示身体部位的名词
24、It's time to do sth./ It，s time+sb.did sth. 到做某事的时间了 25、sb. devote oneself/one's life to sth./doing. 致力于做某事 26、It happened that,…/sb.happened to do sth. 碰巧…… 27、It is/ was+被强调部分+that/who…
28、I don't think/believee/suppose/expect+that 从句否定前移 29、would like to do 愿做某事 feel like doing 想做某事
had better (not) do sth 最好（不）做某事 would rather do 宁愿做……
30、There is no doing sth. 没必要做…… 31、主语+have no idea+从句 不知道…… 32、I doubt whether+从句 我怀疑…… I don't doubt that+从句 我不怀疑……
33、no matter when/where/what/who/whether/how+从句+主句 无论…… 34、what/who/where/when…do you think… 你认为什么/谁/哪里/什么时候…… 35、used to do 过去常做某事 be used to doing 习惯于做某事 as soon as…从句+主句
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36、 the moment… 一……就…… immediately
37、no sooner…than/hardly…when 一……就…… 38、It is possible/probable/likely that… 可能……
39、Do you mind if I do?/Would you mind if I did? 我做某事你介意吗？ 40、wish sb.+n./abj 祝愿某人…… （三）注意以下过渡词的用法 1、表示时间的 af first 起初 next 接下来 then 然后 after that 那以后 later 后来 soon 不久
soon/shortly after ……之后不久 finally 最后 in the end 最后 eventually 最终 at last 终于 lately 近来 recently 最近 since then 自从那时起 after that 那以后 in no time 不一会儿 after a while 一会儿 afterward 后来
to begin/start with=in the first place 首先、第一点 immediately 立即、马上
meanwhile=in the meantime=at the same time 在此期间、同时 earlier, until now 直到现在 suddenly=all of a sudden 突然
as a young man 当…… 是个年轻人的时候 at the age of… 在……岁的时候 as early as 早……的时候
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as soon as 一……就…… before, the other day 几天前 early in the morning 大清早 after/before dark 天黑后/前 one day 有一天 one afternoon 一天下午 one morning 一天早晨 2、表示空间的
to the right/left 朝右/左 on the rinht/left 在右/左边 in the middle of 在中间 in front of 在前面 in the front of 在前面 at the back of 在后面 at the bottom of 在底部 on the edge of 在……的边上 on top of 在……的顶部 opposite to 与……相对 close to 靠近 near to 在……附近 next to 与……相邻 under 垂直在下 over 垂直在上 below 在下方 above 在上方 across 在……的另一边 around 在周围 behind 在后 before 在前 against 靠着、抵着 further on 再往前 3、表示列举和时序 first, second, third…finally firstly, secondly, thirdly…finally
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first of all, next then, lastly for one thing…for another… at the same time at first at last 4、表示列举
for example 例如：…… namely 即……
for instance 例如：…… that is (to say) 也就是说 such as 如……
take…for example 拿……来说 like 像……
5、表示比较或对比 like 像 unlike 不像 similarly 同样地
in the same way 以相同的方式 compared to 与……相比 while 而
still=nevertheless 然而 on the contrary 正相反 different from 与……不同
on (the) one hand…on the other hand 一方面……另一方面 in contrast with 与……成对比 6、表示增补 and 而且
both…and 不但……而且 not only…but also 不但……而且 as well as 不但……而且
also=besides=furthermore=more over 此外、而且 in addition 并且 apart from 除了……之外 what's more 而且、更重要的
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for another 另一方面
worse still=what's worse=to make matter worse 更糟糕的是 including 包括 7、表示因果 because 因为 since 既然 as 由于 now that 既然 therefore 因此 thus 这样 so 所以
as a result (of) 结果
because of=on account of 因为 thanks to 多亏、由于 for this reason 由于这个原因 if so 如果这样 if not 如果不是这样 8、表示目的 for this purpose in order to do so as to do so that… in order that… 9、表示让步 though/although no matter+疑问句 in spite of
whatever/however/whoever even if/ even though 10、表示递进或强调 besides 况且
what's more 更重要地是 thus 这样 above all 首先
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indeed 的确
in fact/ as a matter of fact 事实上 in other words 换句话说 in that case 那样的话 or rather 更确切地说 particularly 特别地 11、表示转折 but 但是 still 然而 however 然而 while 而 12、表示总结
in a/one word 简言之、一句话、总之 generally speaking 一般说来 in short=in a few words 简言之 in conclusion=lastly 最后地
on the whole=taking everything into consideration 从总体来看、大体上 so 所以 therefore 因此 thus 这样
as has been mentioned 正如所提到的 it is quite clear that 很显然 there is no doubt that 毫无疑问 it is well-known that 大家都知道 as we all know=as is known to us all 大家都知道
as/so far as I know 据我所知
to sum up=to summarize=in summary 总之 13、表示转折话题 by the way 顺便说 I am afraid 我恐怕 in my opinion 依我看来 to tell the truth 说实话 to be honest 诚实地说 in face 事实上
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