GRE-OG Test 1填空和阅读解析

GRE-OG Test 1 Explanations

SECTION 3

Verbal Reasoning

Explanations

1. Choices A and B are correct. Choice A is correct: the tlamatinime are mentioned in the first sentence of the second paragraph, where it says they were able to use Nahuatl’s stock of abstract terms “to express the nuances of their thought.” This suggests that there is some evidence of what those thoughts were, and therefore Choice A can be inferred. Choice B is correct: according to the next sentence, Nahuatl speakers used “forms of expression with metaphorical meaning,” some of which were probably “original” and others “derived from Toltec coinages.” That researchers know certain Nahuatl expressions are derived from Toltec suggests that they are able to trace the derivation of some Nahuatl expressions from another language besides Nahuatl, and therefore Choice B may be inferred. Choice C is incorrect: the passage says that in Nahuatl there are single compound words that can express conceptual relations of an “abstract universal character” and mentions “other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning,” but it does not indicate whether metaphorical words or phrases are the only way that abstract universal concepts are expressed in Nahuatl, or whether researchers believe this about Nahuatl. Therefore Choice C cannot be inferred.

2.The passage introduces two specific Nahuatl modes of expression. One is the formation of single compound words that are capable of expressing complex conceptual relations (first paragraph); the other is the juxtaposition of two related words to evoke a single idea (second paragraph). In the formation of compounds Nahuatl is described as being “like Greek and German,” but the second mode is not identified as being shared with other languages. Therefore the sixth sentence (“Of these forms . . . one single idea”) is the best choice.

3.“Coinage” has two senses that are represented among the answer choices: in one sense it denotes coins and currency, while in the other it denotes things — especially words—that are invented. The fifth sentence draws a contrast between linguistic expressions original to Nahuatl and those derived from Toltec. In this context of original versus derived language, “coinages” means “inventions,” not “currencies.” Of the answer choices given, “creations” is the nearest equivalent of “coinages” in the sense of “inventions,” and therefore Choice B is the best answer.

4.The passage presents an argument and the question asks you to identify the role the portions highlighted in boldface play in that argument. The first step in responding is to read through the passage quickly to get an understanding of what is being said. Then it is possible to go back and assess how the parts of the passage fit together into an argument.

In this passage the first sentence presents two pieces of information that seem to be in conflict—the atmosphere contained almost no oxygen even though plants

were producing so much of it. The second sentence presents a hypothetical explanation that has been proposed for reconciling the discrepancy—that oxygen was absorbed by iron. The next sentence calls this hypothetical explanation inadequate and the following sentence gives a reason for that judgment—that there was insufficient iron for the proposed explanation to work. Finally, the last sentence draws the conclusion that there must have been something in addition to iron to absorb the oxygen.

Since the highlighted portions in the passage represent the main content of the third and fourth sentences, the task in this question is to find the answer choice whose two parts fit those sentences’ roles. It can be seen that answer Choice D fits the requirement: the third sentence does sum up the argument’s position about a hypothesis, and the fourth sentence gives grounds for the third. Therefore Choice D is the correct answer.

5.The sentence is clearly conveying a contrast since “but” is used twice to indicate something positive and something negative about Pappenheim. The clue to the negative aspect is in the later part of the sentence, where “out of step” leads both to “anachronistic” as the answer for the first blank and “alienated from” as the answer for the second. Thus, the correct answer is anachronistic (Choice A) and alienated from (Choice F).

6.The sentence sets up two parallel, contrasting concepts. The word in the blank must contrast with “orthodoxy,” and since “convention” in the second contrasting pair is synonymous with “orthodoxy,” the correct answer should be

roughly synonymous with “novelty.” The word “invention” is the best choice. Thus, the correct answer is invention (Choice D).

7.It is possible to analyze this sentence by starting with either blank. Broadly, it states that something that has happened to Nabokov has called attention to some of his peripheral activities. It would hardly make sense for what had happened to be either stigmatization or marginalization, since both of those activities represent a turning away from him, not a calling attention to him. So the correct answer for the first blank is “lionization,” since to lionize means to treat as important. Then, since we are told that Nabokov is a literary giant, entomology must be one of his peripheral activities, so the correct answer for the second blank must be “foreground,” which also means “call attention to.” Spotlighting something would not result in transcending it or obscuring it, so neither of the other choices is correct. Thus, the correct answer is lionization (Choice B) and foreground (Choice D).

8.The opening statement attributes a “sense of beauty” to mathematicians, and the remainder of the sentence after the colon spells out that observation. Filling in the blank will supply some aspect that balances “logic” and reinforces the view that mathematicians have a sense of beauty; “aesthetics” is the best choice. Thus, the correct answer is aesthetics (Choice B).

9.As mentioned above, the first paragraph mentions various costs associated with birdsong, but from that point onward, the focus of the passage is on evidence concerning the energy costs of singing, for nightingales in particular. Thus, the

correct answer is Choice C. Although the passage mentions other costs, it does not compare them with one another, so Choice A is incorrect. Because the passage does not question any hypotheses, discuss benefits, or advance an alternative model of birdsong, Choices B, D, and E are incorrect.

10.Choice B is correct.

Choice A is incorrect: the only reference to thermoregulation comes in line 24 and discusses nighttime activity, not daytime activity.

Choice B is correct: the second paragraph explains that birds store energy as fat

deposits that can be estimated by measuring body mass, and that body mass at dusk was significantly higher in nightingales on nights when their song rate was higher.

Choice C is incorrect: while the passage does say that singing exposes birds to predators (line 3), it says nothing to suggest that they make special efforts to hide before singing, and in fact it says that nightingales spend extra time foraging (line 20).

11.Explanation

Only two sentences in the relevant portion of the passage contain information

that might be considered to be empirical results. The last sentence of the first paragraph contains information about increases in energy consumption but only the last sentence of the second paragraph provides results in support of the only hypothesis in the passage, that nightingales should lose more body mass on nights when their song rate is high. Thus, sentence 9 (“Thomas found . . . high”) is the correct choice.

12.Choice B is correct.

Choice A is incorrect: you might infer that energy costs of singing are significant but no information is given to suggest that they are greater than other costs.

Choice B is correct: lines 4–5 say that discussions of the costs of singing have generally focused on energy costs.

Choice C is incorrect: the only mention of differences across species occurs in the discussion of the findings of Eberhardt and Chappell. These findings relate to energy costs alone and, if anything, suggest that energy costs vary considerably.

13.In this question you are asked to identify the fact that would best reconcile the apparent discrepancy that the passage presents. The discrepancy is that despite improvements in mountain climbing equipment that have made climbing safer, the incidence of mountain-climbing injuries has greatly increased. Choice A explains how this could have happened—the improvements in equipment have

led climbers to attempt feats that are beyond their level of skill. Therefore, Choice A is the correct answer. None of the other choices provides information that resolves the discrepancy. Neither Choice B nor Choice C relates to conditions that have changed over the relevant ten-year period. Choices D and E do relate to the relevant period. But if, as Choice D says, techniques as well as equipment have improved, that fact by itself only makes the increase in injuries more puzzling. Choice E provides more data about the consequences of climbing accidents, but doesn’t suggest any explanation for the increase in injuries.

14.The blank must be filled with a word that describes a problem that a work group can suffer, a problem that can be a cause of (or associated with) serious conflict. Of the answer choices, only “schism” fits this description. Thus, the correct answer is schism (Choice B).

15.The “concerns” described by the adjective that fills the blank relate to clothing, so “sartorial” fits the blank. Although these concerns could also be described as “irrelevant” or “frivolous,” neither of these choices is correct because the sentence identifies the concerns as “worthy of attention.” Thus, the correct answer is sartorial (Choice D).

16.The point of the sentence is to emphasize contradictory aspects of Belanger’s dancing: we are told, for example, that he seems “at once intensely present and curiously detached.” Looking at the second blank with this point in mind, we can see that the sentence is saying that Belanger draws attention in some way that would not normally be a means of doing so. The only choice that fits,

therefore, is “deflect”; focusing or overwhelming attention would certainly be expected to draw it. And since employing “unrestrained enthusiasm” or “unattractive gawkiness” would not be ways of deflecting attention, the correct choice for the first blank is “undemonstrative panache,” another paradoxical term, since “panache” means “dash or flamboyance in style.” Thus, the correct answer is undemonstrative panache (Choice A) and deflect (Choice F).

17.Since the politician is portrayed as adapting political positions to political realities, blank (i) should be filled with “strategic,” which is also the only choice that provides the required contrast with “ideological.” The second blank,

brandishing political principles is what a politician might do piously, while flouting

is not pious and following principles does not make sense when combined with “betray[ing] them in practice.” The third blank requires something that would have to be balanced against “political self-interest” and that would be embraced in service of an “unchanging higher purpose,” making “deeply felt moral code” the only viable choice. Thus, the correct answer is strategic (Choice C), brandish (Choice D), and deeply felt moral code (Choice H).

18.As mentioned above, the topic of the passage is the unsatisfactory condition of scholarship devoted to the history of women in photography. Since Rosenblum’s book is clearly presented as an example of this unsatisfactory scholarship, Choice C is the correct answer. Choice D may seem appealing, because a strictly chronological approach might be inadequate to represent the explosive growth of the field in the 1920s. However, the sentence does not develop this idea, and this is not the reason for mentioning Rosenblum.

19.Choice C is correct.

Choice A is incorrect: the passage does not state whether the period in which Palfi was working was an era when photography was static or in transition. Choice B is incorrect: the passage does not state the nature of the subjects Austen photographed, nor compare their relative familiarity to those photographed by Palfi. Choice C is correct: Palfi’s photographs played a role in subsequent events because they served as early evidence of the need for protective legislation.

20.The term “hobbyist” suggests Austen’s relative lack of seriousness as a photographer when compared with “senior figures,” yet her role has been elevated to that of a “pioneering documentarian” at the expense of these other figures. Choice D may be appealing in that this elevation could be considered a form of distortion, but Choice A is more specific as well as more in line with the dictionary definition of “inflated” as “expanded to an abnormal or unjustifiable volume or level.” Thus, Choice A, “exaggeration,” is the correct answer.

21.If the engineers think that the reduced levels will save the aquifer, they may describe the reduced levels as innocuous, minimal, remedial, or benign. Of these words, only “innocuous” and “benign” produce sentences with the same meaning. The two words “feasible” and “practicable” are similar in meaning, but do not fit the context well, because they imply that the current levels are not feasible or practicable, conflicting with the implication that the current levels, though perhaps undesirable, are nevertheless entirely feasible.

Thus, the correct answer is innocuous (Choice A) and benign (Choice F).

22.The words that fill the blank must fit with the idea that Rainer’s film has some feminist implications, but that those are limited compared with her other activities. From the six words offered as answer choices, the pair “antedated” and “preceded” and the pair “portrayed” and “represented” each produce sentences that are similar in meaning. However, only “antedated” and “preceded” make sense in the context of the sentence: Rainer’s 1974 film exhibits feminist themes in a limited way because it came before she became active in feminist politics. Thus, the correct answer is antedated (Choice A) and preceded (Choice D).

23.The words that fill the blank must help explain the difficulty of developing a consensus. A lack of agreement on the assumptions that underlie Congress members’ policy objectives would contribute to such a difficulty. Accordingly, “disparate” and “divergent” are the best choices because they

both

indicate disagreement among the members. Although the words “trite” and “trivial” are similar in meaning, triteness and triviality do not help to explain the difficulty in developing a consensus. Thus, the correct answer is disparate (Choice B) and divergent (Choice C).

24.Any of the offered words could possibly describe a conductor’s choice of tempo. However, the phrase “without necessary relation to what had gone before” is presented as an elaboration on the word in the blank. Among the answer choices, only “arbitrary” and “capricious” could be elaborated that way; none

of the other choices would be explained by the final phrase. Thus, the correct answer is arbitrary (Choice A) and capricious (Choice B).

25.In the sentence, the words “expected” and “only” imply that the data received from the spacecraft exceeded scientists’ expectations. Therefore, the words that fill the blank should describe a reaction to results that are better than hoped for, and the choices “thrilled about” and “elated by” both express such a reaction. The scientists may well also have been eager for, or keen on, the information, but their eagerness is not well explained by the unexpectedness of the information. Thus, the correct answer is thrilled about (Choice C) and elated by (Choice E).

SECTION 4

Verbal Reasoning

Explanations

1. The key phrases that indicate how the blank for this question should be completed are “Only by ignoring decades of mismanagement and inefficiency” and “provide anything other than.” Taken together, these phrases indicate that the sentence will not envision a very beneficial or successful resolution of the “financial woes.” Among the answer choices, “complete” and “total” are quite close in meaning and would clearly create two sentences very similar in meaning. But those two sentences would be internally contradictory, suggesting

that doing something unwise would completely solve a problem. “Fleeting” and “momentary” suggest that the event referred to (“a fresh infusion of cash”) might have some beneficial effect, but that it would ultimately not resolve the problem. Thus, the correct answer is fleeting (Choice B) and momentary (Choice C).

2. The key phrase that indicates how the blank for this question should be completed is “the ability to form an unending series of different molecules.” Among the answer choices, “diversity” and “variety” clearly fit logically with “unending” and “different” and create two very similar sentences. No other pair of choices here would produce two sentences as similar in meaning as those created by placing “diversity” and “variety” in the blank. Thus, the correct answer is diversity (Choice A) and variety (Choice C).

3. The key phrase that indicates how the blank for this question should be completed is “the only way for someone to keep abreast of the news.” Among the answer choices, “synoptic” and “abridged,” while not synonymous in the strict sense, both fit the logic of this description, “synoptic” because of its emphasis on breadth and generality as opposed to detail, and “abridged” because of its obvious focus on brevity. “Sensational” and “lurid” would create two similar sentences but do not fit the logic for completing the blank, since we would not be relying on sensational or lurid accounts in order to keep abreast of the news. Thus, the correct answer is synoptic (Choice A) and abridged (Choice B).

4. The key phrases that indicate how the blank for this question should be

completed are: “circumspect,” “reluctant,” and “but once.” Taken together they point to completing the blank with something that is opposite in some way to the two cited adjectives. Among the answer choices, “intransigent” and “resolute,” although not strictly synonymous, both fit the logic of the description given here for completing the blank and create sentences that are similar in meaning. “Lax” and “negligent” are clearly similar in meaning and would create sentences similar in meaning, but they continue the sentiment voiced in the initial clause rather than contrasting with it. “Deferential” and “obsequious” are also similar in meaning, but their emphasis on “politeness,” while not strictly synonymous with reluctance and circumspection, like “lax” and “negligent” fail to pick up on the expected contrast. Thus, the correct answer is intransigent (Choice B) and resolute (Choice F).

5. All three choices are correct. Martin’s hypothesis was that adding iron to iron-poor regions of the ocean could help alleviate global warming. Choice A is correct: the passage presents Martin as using the standard understanding of how phytoplankton photosynthesize as a basis for the hypothesis. Choice B is correct: the passage states that experiments confirmed that adding iron to iron-poor regions increases phytoplankton growth in those regions. Therefore, Martin’s prediction about this was correct. Choice C is correct: it can be inferred that in Martin’s hypothesis the means by which adding iron in certain regions could alleviate global warming is that phytoplankton increase in those regions and absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide. The passage states that predators who consume phytoplankton respire carbon dioxide, so that the carbon dioxide absorbed by phytoplankton reenters the atmosphere. Therefore, Martin’s

prediction about this was incorrect.

6. Lines 7–11 of the paragraph present the evidence against Martin’s hypothesis. Lines 7–8 present field test results showing that Martin’s hypothesis is incorrect, and the last sentence explains these results: the reason the increased phytoplankton resulting from the addition of iron do not reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide is that while the phytoplankton absorb carbon dioxide, the gas reenters the atmosphere when it is respired by phytoplankton predators. Therefore Choice A is correct: predators are mentioned to explain why Martin’s hypothesis is incorrect. Choice B is not correct because while predators’ consumption of phytoplankton and respiration of carbon dioxide might be considered one indirect consequence of adding iron to iron-poor waters, identifying a consequence is not the primary function of the mention of predators. Choice C is incorrect because the reference to predators is used to explain how carbon dioxide reappears as a gas, and Choice D is incorrect because no connection is suggested between predators and the distribution of phytoplankton. Choice E is not correct because it is Martin who did not anticipate this factor, rather than the scientists who conducted the field tests.

7. The question asks you to identify among the answer choices a fact that would support the passage’s argument. The explanation offered in the passage can be supported by ruling out other explanations that might, given the information presented in the passage, appear likely. One obvious explanation for there being more medical treatments in Sparva is that there are more accidents there. Choice E rules out that explanation. So Choice E strengthens the argument

in the passage and is the correct answer. Choices A and D each present consequences that are likely results of insurers in Sparva having to pay for more medical treatments. But neither bears on the cause of insurers having to pay for more treatments. Choice B does not strengthen the argument and may weaken it. A higher cost of medical care provides additional motivation for people to seek insurance payments to cover whatever post-accident care they receive. So Choice B might weaken the argument by providing an alternative explanation for insurers paying for more medical treatments in Sparva. According to the passage, whether treatment is emergency treatment is, in other provinces, an important criterion in determining insurers’ responsibility. But since this criterion does not apply in Sparva, Choice C is not directly relevant to the point that the passage is trying to establish.

8. All three choices are correct.

Choice A is correct: the paragraph states that one of the reasons Voltaire’s book commanded a wide audience is that he was “a literary giant.”

Choice B is correct: the paragraph states that Voltaire’s amateurism in science

demonstrated that nonspecialists could also understand Newton’s ideas.

Choice C is correct: the paragraph refers to Voltaire’s collaborator, Madame du

Châtelet. In the image described, she serves as the intermediary between Newton and Voltaire, conveying Newton’s ideas to Voltaire.

9. In the image described in the second sentence, Voltaire acquires his knowledge of New-ton through Madame du Châtelet, who conveys Newton’s ideas—his “light of truth”—to Voltaire. The only other sentence that contains figurative language is the next sentence, in which Voltaire is described as “a literary giant aloof . . . from disputes.” However, this image refers not to Voltaire’s acquisition of knowledge of Newtonian ideas, but rather to his attitude regarding Newtonian ideas. Therefore sentence 2 (“In the book’s . . . Voltaire”) is the correct choice.

10.

The last part of the sentence provides most of the context needed to fill in the two blanks. The novel was extremely long and required vast amounts of paper. Among the choices for the second blank, only “profligate” matches this lack of restraint. The word “Ironically” indicates that what the writer was “wary of” was something similar to profligacy; of the choices for the first blank, “extravagance” is the closest. Thus, the correct answer is extravagance (Choice B) and profligate (Choice F).

11. An overview of the passage suggests that the first sentence is relatively self-contained and that the blank is answerable without the succeeding sentences, where the topic shifts slightly. The colon after the first blank signals that what

follows will define the word in the blank and will explain what danger Mill was concerned about. It says that without challenge, one’s opinions grow “weak and flabby” and therefore one becomes complacent, not tendentious or fractious. A quick reading of the next two sentences suggests that the topic will be another danger that Mill described, “the danger of partiality and incompleteness.” Free and open discussion needs to take place because each person’s opinion tends to “embrace only a portion of the truth” and others’ views are partially right, or never completely “erroneous.” The other choices for the second and third blanks deal with change, immediacy, or antithesis, none of which relate to the second danger of “partiality” or “incompleteness.” Thus, the correct answer is complacency (Choice B), embrace only a portion of the truth (Choice D), and erroneous (Choice G).

12. The “just as” structure indicates that the second half of the sentence should somehow parallel the idea presented in the first half (i.e., the idea that the authors’ book on eels is a “key text” in marine vertebrate zoology). Among the choices given, “inform” is clearly the best choice. “Prevent” and “defy” work in the opposite direction, while “use” and “replicate” would suggest that the authors’ ideas are drawing upon the teaching in this area rather than the other way around. “Inform” leads to a meaning that nicely matches the first half of the sentence. Thus, the correct answer is inform (Choice D).

13. A quick overview of the sentence indicates that the blank should be filled with a verb that indicates what a successful species does with its “innate capacity for population

growth” in the face of certain constraints on that growth. This analysis suggests that the correct answer will have something to do with adjusting that capacity in the face of these constraints. Of the choices given, “reconcile” is closest to that meaning. None of the other options make for a meaningful, coherent sentence. “Enhance,” for example, may fit nicely with “its innate capacity,” but it does not make sense with “constraints.” Thus, the correct answer is reconcile (Choice E).

14. Choice C is correct. The second sentence states that The Quest of the Silver

Fleece subtly engages the issue of race and implies that such an issue would

attract the attention of literary scholars. The passage provides no information about whether The Quest of the Silver Fleece is DuBois’ first novel (Choice A), whether it received more or less scholarly attention than his other novels (Choice B), whether it is better than any of his other novels (Choice D), nor about what scholars have said about it (Choice E).

15. The fourth sentence speculates that once DuBois scholars have exhausted potential avenues of research in the fields of philosophy, history, and editing, they will turn to his novels, so Choice D is the correct answer. None of the other choices fits the metaphor in “Perhaps DuBois the novelist must wait his turn.”

16.The passage focuses on the scant attention given to DuBois’ novels, The

Quest of the Silver Fleece in particular. The first two sentences give reasons to

expect greater attention, while the last two offer speculations about the explanation for the scant attention. Thus, Choice E is correct. The issues described

in the other answer choices are all marginal to the passage, if they are mentioned at all.

17.The sentence offers a contrast between “many evasive statements” and a single “forthright statement.” On that basis alone, one might expect an answer such as “an anomaly.” Do any of the other options make for a meaningful, coherent sentence? “A paradigm” is appealing, as is “a profundity,” since the forthright statement is clearly presented as something positive. However, we are not in a position to call it paradigmatic or profound, since the sentence withholds judgment on “its intrinsic merit.” The same reasoning allows us to eliminate “inaccuracy” and “misnomer.” The straightforwardly descriptive “anomaly” is clearly the best choice. Thus, the correct answer is an anomaly (Choice E).

18.The sentence is about the implications of the activists’ energetic work for some assertion about the woman suffrage and temperance movements. The second blank, however, obscures the nature of that assertion. But it is clear that the “energetic work” could either support an assertion that the two movements were similar, or undermine an assertion that the two movements were opposed. “Supports” is offered as a choice for the first blank (as is the somewhat similar “underscores”), but there is no corresponding term in the second blank, nothing along the lines of “similar” or “compatible.” “Undermines” and “inimical” make for the only meaningful statement. Thus, the correct answer is undermines (Choice A) and inimical (Choice E).

19.The two sentences provide the reader with quite a bit of information about

the movie. There is “nothing quite like it” and it is “subtle and puzzling.” “Peculiarity” is clearly a solid fit for the first blank, while “conventionality” clearly does not work, given the fact that there is “nothing quite like it.” That leaves “pellucidity,” which, while it could fit logically in the first sentence in isolation, does not fit the later claim that the movie is “subtle and puzzling.” The second blank needs simply to provide a contrast with “subtle and puzzling.” Of the choices offered, only “assertive” clearly does that. Thus, the correct answer is peculiarity (Choice A) and assertive (Choice E).

20.The “Yet” that begins the second sentence indicates that Wills’ position would be supported by evidence that the newer parasites are in humans, the more harmful they are. So Wills’ position must be that more recent parasites are especially harmful, implying that “malignant” is the correct choice for the first blank. What follows “therefore” is a potential explanation for the trend that Wills expects, namely an evolution toward harmlessness, implying “benignity” for the third blank, with newer species having had “insufficient” time (second blank) to evolve toward harmlessness. Thus, the correct answer is malignant (Choice B), insufficient (Choice E), and benignity (Choice H).

21.According to the last two sentences of the paragraph, Titan was able to acquire an atmosphere because of a prevailing low temperature, but Ganymede and Callisto could not because they were at a higher temperature. Because the reason for this difference in temperature was their respective distances from the Sun, Choice B is correct. The passage says nothing about differences in rate of heat loss, availability of methane and ammonia, or distance from their planets, and

it explicitly states that the three moons are the same size.

22.To logically complete the passage’s open-ended “because,” something is needed that will explain why the continuation of the warming trend would have serious consequences for sea levels. The passage explains that the melting of the Arctic Ocean ice will not affect sea levels because the contribution that the water contained in that ice makes to sea levels is the same whether the water is frozen or liquid. But Choice C points to a way in which increasing temperatures in the Arctic could add water to the ocean, namely by melting ice on the land. So Choice C logically completes the passage and is the correct answer. Given that the passage has already explained that melting sea ice does not affect sea levels, the formation of sea ice described in Choice A does not explain why there would be consequences for sea levels. Choices B, D, and E all describe possible consequences of increased temperatures in the Arctic, but none of these consequences suggests a mechanism by which sea levels would change. So none of these options provides a logical completion for the passage.

23.Choice A is correct.

Choice A is correct: the organizers are mentioned in the second paragraph, where the passage says that Cressy “does not deny” that organizers “advanced religious explanations” for leaving England and immigrating to New England in the 1630s. This suggests that Cressy would agree with the statement in choice A about the organizers. Choice B is incorrect: in lines 10–11, the passage says that Cressy finds that religious reasons for immigration “assumed primacy” only in

retrospect, but this is not the same as Cressy’s concluding that no reasons were given at the time of immigration. Therefore it cannot be inferred that Cressy would agree with the statement in Choice B. Choice C is incorrect: the passage refers in lines 13–14 to “promises of material improvement” as a factor that in Cressy’s view motivated most immigrants other than “the principal actors.” This suggests that Cressy regards the principal actors, such as organizers, as having been less, not more, motivated by material considerations than average immigrants were. Therefore it cannot be inferred that Cressy would agree with the statement in Choice C.

24.The last sentence says that Cressy “concludes that most people immigrated because they were recruited by promises of material improvement.” Because this suggests that Cressy believes immigrants were motivated by these promises to go to New England, sentence 5 (“When he . . . improvement) is the correct choice. The preceding sentence suggests that Cressy does not believe religion was a primary motive influencing immigrants’ decision to immigrate in the 1630s. Thus, although this sentence provides an opinion of Cressy’s concerning some immigrants’ stated reasons for immigrating, it does not say what motive he believes was actually behind the immigration, and therefore does not answer the question.

25.The passage is about Cressy’s investigation of English immigration to New England in the 1630s, and it summarizes his findings concerning who immigrated and why. Choice A, “summarizing the findings of an investigation,” is therefore the best description of the author’s primary concern in the passage. The passage

does not analyze a method of argument, so Choice B is incorrect. Choice C is incorrect because the passage is not primarily concerned with evaluating a point of view: it does not assess the merits or demerits of Cressy’s viewpoint. The passage is concerned with reporting Cressy’s findings, not with hypothesizing or with establishing categories, so Choices D and E are incorrect.