表语从句
1． 定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2． 引导表语从句的关联词的种类： (1) (2) (3) (4) 一样。
(5)
从属连词that。在从句中不做成分。如：
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 从属连词whether, as, as if。如：
1. He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前
2. The question is whether they will be able to help us.
问题是他们是否能帮我们。
(6) (7) (8) (9)
注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如： All this was over twenty years ago, but it’s as if it was only yesterday. 这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。
注：能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look，sound等。如：
(10) He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
(11) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
在表语从句中做主语、宾语等。如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
(12) That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
(13) 连接副词 where, when, how, why。
(14) What I wonder is when he left. 我想知道他是何时离开的。 (15) This is where they once lived. 这就是他们曾经住过的地方。 (16) 连词because可引导表语从句。如：
(17) I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 (18) That's because he didn't understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我。 (That's because...强调原因)
(19) That's why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。 (That's why...强调结果)
(20) 解释：
(21) 2． 在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如：
(22) My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
同位语从句
一、理解同位语从句的含义，把握同位语从句的实质
在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that, whether，what, which, who, when, where, why, how 等词引导，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, wish,promise, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclusion等抽象名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系，对其内容作进一步说明。
例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。
析：they had won the game说明The news的全部内容，因此该句为同位语从句。 二1.如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。（即that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不可省略）
例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。
析：the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部内容，且意义完整，因此应用that引导同位语从句。
2.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加\"是否\"的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。（if不能引导同位语从句）
例：We'll discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。
析：the sports meeting will be held on time意义不完整，应加\"是否\"的含义才能表达the problem的全部内容，因此应用whether引导同位语从句。
3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加\"什么时候\"、\"什么地点\"、\"什么方式\"等含义，应用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。
例1：I have no idea when he will be back.
析：he will be back意义不完整，应加\"什么时候\"的含义才能表达idea的全部内容，因此应用when引导同位语从句。
例2：I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.
析：he went home意义不完整，应加\"如何\"的含义才能表达impression的全部内容，因此应用how引导同位语从句。
4.当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句常后置。
如：The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 三、把握同位语从句和定语从句的区别，明确同位语从句和相似从句的界限 同位语从句和定语从句相似，都放在某一名词或代词后面，但同位语从句不同于定语从句。同位语从句对名词加以补充说明，是名词全部内容的体现，且名词和同位语从句的引导词均不在从句中作成分；定语从句说明先行词的性质与特征，与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，且名词和定语从句的引导词均在从句中作成分。
区分时可以在先行词与与从句之间加一个系动词be,使之构成一个新句子，如果句子通顺且符合逻辑，则为同位语从句，反之，则为定语从句。
如：The report that he was going to resign was false.
因为the report was that he was going to resign 句意通顺，所以，that he was going to resign 是同位语从句。
例1：
1）Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
析：答案为B。more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的内容，且Information不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于：
2）It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information ____ has been put forward.
A. what B. that C. when D. as
析：答案为B。that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语，且information在从句中作主语，所以该句为定语从句。
例2：She heard a terrible noise,____ brought her heart into her mouth.(MET91)
A. it B. which C. this D. that
析：答案为B。分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为a terrible noise，且它在从句中作主语。应将该句区别于：
I can't stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly. A. it B. which C. this D. that
析：答案为D。she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的内容，且the terrible noise不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。
同位语从句和定语从句的三点区别
同位语从句和定语从句很相似,但还是有区别的,区别主要在以下三方面: 1. 从词类上区别
同位语从句前面的名词只能是
idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定内涵的名词?而定语从句的先行词可以是名词?代词?主句的一部分或是整个主句?如:
The possibility that the majority of the labour force will work at home is often discussed. (同位语从句)
We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting. (同位语从句)
Word came that he had been abroad. (同位语从句) Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴?(定语从句)
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room. 你找的那位医生在房间里面?(定语从句)
His mother did all she could to help him with his study.他妈妈尽她的最大努力帮助他的学习?(定语从句,代词all作先行词?)
2. 从性质上区别
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴。如:
The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的?(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息?)
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的?(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语?)
I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我许诺如果谁让我自由,我就让他非常富有?(同位语从句,补充说明promise到底是一个什么诺言?)
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺?(定语从句,promise在从句中作pleased的主语?)
3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别
有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句?如: That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑?(同位语从句)
I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事?(同位语从句)
引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略?that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替?如:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了?(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略?)
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组?(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以省略?)
．宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如： I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了。 (2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：
a) She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么。 b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。
(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她对我说她会接受我的邀请。
2. 作介词的宾语，例如：
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。
3. 作形容词的宾语，例如：
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. 我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。
注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful,
ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
4. it 可以作为形式宾语
it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。
5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：
正确表达：I admire their winning the match. 错误表达：I admire that they won the match. 6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：
正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man. 错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.
7. 否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。 主语从句
1． 定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2． 引导主语从句的关联词有三类： (1) 从属连词that、whether。如：
如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 从属连词：that， whether等.
that 引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。
由whether及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首，句后都可。 If只能放在句中。
(3) （特殊疑问词）连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
如：
__________watch was lost is unknown.
__________she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 __________side will win is not clear.
__________comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 __________ was said has left us much to think. 这里说的话都应当保密。 (4) （特殊疑问词）连接副词 where, when, how, why，wherever，whenever，however。
___________ he did it remains a mystery. When they will start is not known yet.
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚 Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。
However good you are is nonsense.
1． 主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：
A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如：
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。
C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如：
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit. 据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。 It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
E. It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的
主语从句。如：
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。
F. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？
2．注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义 Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。
Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.
(whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。 3. 主语从句需注意的问题 (1)主语从句中用陈述语序
What she is afraid of is their taking her to Paris. ( What is she afraid of … Wrong )
(2)主语从句后谓语动词用第三人称单数 That they haven’t phoned is strange. (3)that引导的主语从句中，that不可被省略 That price will go up is certain.
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