一、【知识精讲】 句子成分
（一）句子成分的定义
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。通常有主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语等。 （二）句子的具体成分 1. 主语（subject)
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等充当。
(1) During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（主语为名词） (2) We often speak English in class.（主语为代词）
(3) One-third of the students in this class are girls.（主语为数词） (4) To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（主语为不定式） (5) Smoking does harm to the health.（主语为动名词）
(6) When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语为从句）
(7) It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） 2. 谓语(predicate)
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： (1) 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. (2) 复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 3. 宾语(object)
宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语一般由名词、代词、数次、不定式、动名词和从句等充当。
(1) They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（宾语为名词）
(2) The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（宾语为代词） (3) I have five.（宾语为数词）
(4) He pretended not to see me.（宾语为不定式短语）
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(5) I enjoy listening to popular music.（宾语为动名词短语） (6) I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语为从句） 4. 表语(predicative)
表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。
(1) Our teacher of English is an American.（表语为名词） (2) Is it yours?（表语为代词）
(3) The weather has turned cold.（表语为形容词） (4) Three times seven is twenty one?（表语为数词） (5) His job is to teach English.（表语不定式） (6) His hobby is playing football.（表语为动名词） (7) The machine must be out of order.（表语为介词短语） (8) Time is up. The class is over.（表语为副词）
(9) The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语为从句） 5. 宾语补足语( object complement)
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补是对宾语的补充说明。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句等充当。 (1) His father named him Dongming.（宾补为名词） (2) They painted their boat white.（宾补为形容词） (3) Let the fresh air in.（宾补为副词）
(4) You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（宾补为不定式短语） (5) We saw her entering the room.（宾补为现在分词）
(6) We found everything in the lab in good order.（宾补为介词短语） (7) We will soon make our city what your city is now.（宾补为从句） 6. 定语(attributive)
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
(1) Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
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(2) China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） (3) There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词） (4) His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
(5) Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） (6) The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） (7) He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） (8) He is reading a book that he has never read.（定语从句） 7. 状语(adverbial)
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。状语一般由副词及副词性短语、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、从句等充当。 (1) Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性短语） (2) He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
(3) He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） (4) He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） (5) Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） (6) How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）
(7) Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） (8) I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） (9) Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
(10) She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） (11) She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
(12) In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） (13) He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） (14) She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） (15) I am taller than he is.（比较状语） 8. 同位语 (apposition)
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词或名词短语对前者加以说明的成分。 (1) We students should study hard. (2) We all are students.
(2) Carol, an American teacher, will come to our school.
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简单句、并列句和复合句 （一）句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种：
(1) 陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before. (2) 疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? (3) 祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class (4) 感叹句：How clever the boy is! 2、按句子的结构可分三种：
(1) 简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 He often reads English in the morning. 简单句的五种基本句型： 1. 主语+不及物动词：( S V) We work. She came. 2. 主语+系动词+表语(SVC) 系动词：
be动词类： am、 is 、are 、was 、were 表示变化类：become、 get 、 turn 、 grow 、go 感官动词类: look sound smell taste feel appear, seem 表示延续性的动词 ：remain 、stay 、keep
He is a student. His face turned red. The apple tastes sweet. The soldier keeps still. 3. 主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO）
Henry bought a dictionary. Mike ate three cakes.
4. 主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）(SVIOO)(SVOiO) My father bought me a car.-----My father bought a car for me. He gave me three yuan.-----He gave three yuan to me. 5. 主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）(SVOC) Tom made the baby laugh. We made him our monitor.
I can’t make myself understood. We want to have the desk repaired.
(2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or, not only…but also…, neither…nor…,等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
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You help him and he helps you. He wants to go there but I don’t.
Hurry up, or you will be late. This house belongs to Mr.Smith；it costs millions of dollars. He not only gave us a lot of advice, but also helped us to study English.
Either Tom is coming or his sisters are. Either Tom or his sisters are coming. Neither Tom nor his sisters are coming.
Not only was everything he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.
1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。 Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while等。
He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes interesting. 4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。
August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
(3) 复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。 The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. This is the book that I want. I think that he is right.
The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.(状语从句) This is the book which I am looking for. (定语从句) What you said is correct. (主语从句)
I don’t know when she will come back. (宾语从句) The news that our team had won excited us. (同位语从句) His suggestion is that we should stay calm. (表语从句)
基本句型的扩展: 基本句型可通过不同的语法手段加以扩大，使之成为千变万化的句子，表达各种各样的思想。 1、增加修饰语
（1）可在一个名词上附加上形容词、介词短语、不定式、分词短语或定语从句。如：
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The girl is a singer. The The girl The girlThe girl The girl
girl is a famous Singer. is a famous singer.
is a famous singer. is a famous singer.
is a famous singer.
（2）可在一谓语动词上附加上介词短语、副词、不定式短语、分词短语或从句。 He went there. He went there He went there
He went there when he was twenty. Not knowing what to do, he went there. 2、并列 Suddenly he He did not like us, 3、复合
What surprised us most was that he should be so should to his mother. That he failed in the exam made his parents worried.
高考考点探讨
1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。
2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。
3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。
4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。
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He went there
, straight up, the ground.
everyone knew it, no one admitted it.
如：We will go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow。 二、【典例精练】
（一）指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English. 14. Do you have anything else to say? 15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet. 【答案】1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；11、谓语，宾语；12、状语；13、形式宾语，真正宾语；14、宾语、定语；15、插入语，状语；16、宾语(间宾+直宾)；17、状语，状语；18、形式主语，表语，宾补；19、宾补；20、表语 【解析】
1、本句结构为：主语+不及物动词。
2、本句结构为：主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）。
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3、本句结构为：主语+及物动词+宾语。 4、本句结构为：感叹句。
5、本句结构为：主语+及物动词+宾语。 6、本句结构为：主语+系动词+表语。 7、本句结构为：主语+及物动词+宾语。 8、本句结构为：There be句型（完全倒装句）。 9、本句结构为：主语+系动词+表语。 10、本句结构为：主语+系动词+表语。 11、本句结构为：主语+及物动词+宾语。 12、本句结构为：主语+不及物动词。 13、 14、 15、 16、
本句结构为：主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）。 本句结构为：主语+及物动词+宾语。 本句结构为：主语+系动词+表语。
本句结构为：主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）。
17、本句结构为：主语+不及物动词。 18、本句结构为：主语+系动词+表语。
19、本句结构为：主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）。 20、本句结构为：主语+系动词+表语。
（二）判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句： 1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?
4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two. 6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it? 9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree. 10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
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【答案】1、简单句；2、复合句；3、简单句；4、简单句；5、并列句；6、复合句；7、并列句；8、复合句；9、简单句；10、简单句 【解析】
1、本句结构为：主语+及物动词+宾语。
2、主句：The boy is called Tom. 定语从句：who offered me his seat。
3、本句结构为：There be句型（完全倒装句），其中isn’t there为反义疑问句。
4、第一个and连接两个并列主语：My brother 和I；第二个and连接两个并列谓语：go to school 和 come back home。
5、and连接两个句子： 主语+系动词+表语 结构。
6、主句：He was fond of drawing. 状语从句： when he was yet a child。 7、本句为neither...nor...连接的并列句。
8、主语从句：What he said at the meeting；isn’t it 为反义疑问句。
9、本句结构为：主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）。how to plant a tree.为特殊疑问词+动词不定式。
10、and连接两个并列主语：Tom和Jack。
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